Table 3.
Psychometric Characteristics of ABCD Measures; Discriminability of Higher and Lower Risk subsamples.
| Measures | N | Range (min, max) | Skewness | Total Sample | Lower Risk | Higher Risk | t-statistic | LR vs HR | ES [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | (p-value) | ||||||
| Youth | |||||||||
| Cultural/Ethnic Group Membership Domain | |||||||||
| †Acculturation (friends) | 1598 | 1, 5 | −1.74 | 4.52 (0.76) | 4.54 (0.70) | 4.49 (0.82) | −1.52 | 0.13 | −0.07 [−0.17, 0.03] |
| †Acculturation (family) | 1598 | 1, 5 | −0.92 | 3.86 (1.34) | 3.87 (1.31) | 3.84 (1.39) | −0.55 | 0.58 | −0.02 [−0.12, 0.08] |
| Proximal Social Environment Domain | |||||||||
| †Neighborhood Safety | 4090 | 1, 5 | −1.12 | 4.11 (1.04) | 4.17 (0.97) | 4.03 (1.12) | −4.18 | <0.0001 | −0.14 [−0.20, −0.07] |
| †SRPF School Environment (Total) | 4089 | 6, 24 | −0.78 | 19.93 (2.76) | 20.17 (2.57) | 19.62 (2.98) | −6.31 | <0.0001 | −0.20 [−0.26, −0.14] |
| †SRPF School Involvement (Total) | 4089 | 4, 16 | −0.84 | 13.12 (2.31) | 13.28 (2.20) | 12.89 (2.45) | −5.39 | <0.0001 | −0.17 [−0.23, −0.11] |
| †SRPF School Disengagement (Total) | 4089 | 2, 8 | 0.69 | 3.69 (1.42) | 3.60 (1.36) | 3.80 (1.49) | 4.30 | <0.0001 | 0.14 [0.08, 0.20] |
| Social Interaction Domain | |||||||||
| CRPBI Acceptance (Mean, primary caregiver) | 4090 | 1, 3 | −1.88 | 2.79 (0.30) | 2.80 (0.28) | 2.77 (0.32) | −4.18 | <0.0001 | −0.10 [−0.16, −0.04] |
| FES Conflict Subscale (Mean) | 4091 | 0, 9 | 0.99 | 1.97 (1.92) | 1.81 (1.84) | 2.18 (2.02) | 5.93 | <0.0001 | 0.19 [0.13, 0.26] |
| Parental Monitoring (Mean) | 4092 | 1.8, 5 | −1.11 | 4.41 (0.49) | 4.46 (0.47) | 4.36 (0.52) | −6.47 | <0.0001 | −0.20 [−0.27, −0.14] |
| SDQ Prosocial Behavior (Mean) | 4088 | 0, 2 | −0.108 | 1.69 (0.36) | 1.70 (0.35) | 1.67 (0.38) | −3.06 | 0.002 | −0.08 [−0.14, −0.02] |
| Parent | |||||||||
| Cultural/Ethnic Group Membership Domain | |||||||||
| VIA Heritage Culture (Mean) | 2723 | 1, 9 | −0.45 | 6.35 (1.81) | 6.42 (1.80) | 6.26 (1.83) | −2.24 | 0.03 | −0.09 [−0.16, −0.01] |
| VIA Mainstream Culture (Mean) | 2723 | 1, 9 | −0.82 | 6.81 (1.51) | 6.90 (1.48) | 6.68 (1.54) | −3.77 | 0.0002 | −0.15 [−0.22, −0.07] |
| MEIM-R Exploration (Mean)†† | 3848 | 1, 5 | 0.17 | 2.80 (1.02) | 2.80 (1.01) | 2.80 (1.02) | 0.043 | 0.97 | 0 [−0.06, 0.06] |
| MEIM-R Commitment (Mean)†† | 3848 | 1, 5 | 0.20 | 2.47 (0.90) | 2.45 (0.90) | 2.50 (0.89) | 1.59 | 0.11 | 0.06 [−0.01, 0.12] |
| MACVS Familism-Support (Mean) | 4096 | 1, 5 | −0.59 | 4.14 (0.60) | 4.17 (0.60) | 4.10 (0.60) | −3.89 | 0.0001 | −0.12 [−0.18, −0.05] |
| MACVS Familism-Obligations (Mean) | 4096 | 1, 5 | −0.02 | 3.61 (0.66) | 3.61 (0.67) | 3.62 (0.65) | 0.39 | 0.70 | 0.02 [−0.05, 0.08] |
| MACVS Familism-Referent (Mean) | 4096 | 1, 5 | −0.18 | 3.35 (0.78) | 3.38 (0.77) | 3.32 (0.79) | −2.35 | 0.019 | −0.08 [−0.14, −0.02] |
| MACVS Independence/Self-reliance (Mean) | 4096 | 1, 5 | 0.02 | 3.56 (0.60) | 3.55 (0.61) | 3.59 (0.60) | 2.06 | 0.039 | 0.07 [0.004, 0.13] |
| MACVS Religion (Mean) | 4096 | 1, 5 | −0.17 | 3.35 (0.78) | 3.25 (1.45) | 3.25 (1.40) | 0.071 | 0.94 | 0 [−0.06, 0.06] |
| Native American Acculturation Scale (Mean) | 118 | 1, 5 | −0.63 | 3.39 (0.75) | 3.35 (0.61) | 3.43 (0.87) | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.11 [−0.25, 0.47] |
| †Acculturation (friends) | 1324 | 1, 5 | −1.13 | 4.04 (1.18) | 4.06 (1.16) | 4.02 (1.19) | −0.66 | 0.51 | −0.03 [−0.14, 0.08] |
| †Acculturation (family); rYP = 0.65 | 1325 | 1, 5 | −0.79 | 3.76 (1.36) | 3.78 (1.35) | 3.72 (1.38) | −0.82 | 0.41 | −0.04 [−0.15, 0.07] |
| Proximal Social Environment Domain | |||||||||
| †Neighborhood Safety (Mean); rYP = 0.24 | 4092 | 1, 5 | −1.01 | 4.00 (0.92) | 4.06 (0.90) | 3.92 (0.95) | −4.53 | <0.0001 | −0.15 [−0.21, −0.09] |
| Social Interaction Domain | |||||||||
| FES Conflict Subscale (Mean); rYP = 0.18 | 4097 | 0, 9 | 0.65 | 2.47 (1.88) | 2.24 (1.77) | 2.78 (1.97) | 9.27 | <0.0001 | 0.29 [0.23, 0.35] |
| SDQ Prosocial Behavior (Mean); rYP = 0.19 | 4075 | 0, 2 | −1.83 | 1.75 (0.41) | 1.81 (0.37) | 1.67 (0.44) | −10.74 | <0.0001 | −0.35 [−0.41, −0.29] |
Notes: Sample sizes of Higher Risk and Lower Risk participants differed across measures; however, the overall proportion of “Higher Risk” participants was 42% in the overall ABCD sample at the time these data were analyzed; LR = Lower Risk; HR = Higher Risk; Statistic for all Lower vs. Higher Risk Group ES = Effect Size (expressed as Cohen’s d); CI = Confidence Interval.
SRPF = School Risk & Protective Factors; SDQ = Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire; CRPBI = Child’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory; FES = Family Environment Scale; VIA = Vancouver Index of Acculturation; MEIM-R = Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure – Revised; MACVS = Mexican-American Cultural Values Scales.
rYP = Pearson correlation between Youth and Parent measure; p-values for all correlations < 0.0001.
PhenX items or measure.
Exploration/commitment r = 0.64, p < 0.0001.