Table 1. Baseline demographic and health characteristics of 1240 community-dwelling older adults.

Variable	Men (40.6%)	Women (59.4%)	All participants
Age (years)	77.2 ±5.0	77.2 ±4.7	77.2 ± 4.8
Years of education (years)	13.3 ±2.9	12.1 ±2.2	12.6 ± 2.6
Body height (cm)	163.3 ±5.9	150.0 ±6.4	155.4 ± 10.1
Body weight (kg)	62.6 ±8.9	51.1 ±8.1	55.8 ±10.1
BMI (kg/m2)	23.5 ±2.9	22.7 ±3.4	23.0 ± 3.2
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	144.0 ±22.0	136.8 ±19.7	139.7 ± 20.9
Diastolic	81.0 ±12.9	78.8 ±12.0	79.7 ± 12.4
History of chronic disease (%)
Stroke	10.5	6.7	8.1
Osteoarthrosis	10.5	26.4	19.9
Disease of eye	52.4	66.0	60.5
Disease of ear	20.5	22.5	21.7
Spinal canal stenosis	17.9	17.3	17.6
Dementia	2.0	0.7	1.2
Depression	1.8	4.8	3.6
Chronic pain (%)
Knee	23.3	34.4	29.9
Back	37.2	42.1	40.2
Gait parameters
Gait speed (m/sec)	1.2 ±0.2	1.2 ±0.2	1.2 ± 0.2
Stride length (cm)	120.3 ±20.2	114.2 ±16.7	116.7 ± 18.4
Step length (cm)	59.8 ±10.0	56.7 ±8.3	57.9 ± 9.1
Step width (cm)	24.0 ±3.2	17.9 ±2.8	20.4 ± 4.2
Average foot pressure (kPa)	101.4 ±10.9	82.3 ±12.9	98.5 ± 11.3
Maximum foot pressure (kPa)	306.4 ±42.0	310.0 ±41.1	308.4 ± 41.4
Double support duration (ms)	66.1 ±25.5	59.7 ±25.8	62.3 ± 25.8
Single support duration (ms)	422.7 ±34.4	400.7 ±30.9	409.7 ± 34.3
Coefficient of variations for gait parameters
CV of stride length	4.9 ±2.3	4.7 ±2.1	4.8 ± 2.2
CV of step length	7.5 ±3.5	7.4 ±3.6	7.4 ± 3.5
CV of step width	12.0 ±4.0	15.6 ±4.6	14.2 ± 4.7
CV of average foot pressure	11.8 ±4.3	12.6 ±3.9	12.3 ± 4.1
CV of maximum foot pressure	18.8 ±5.5	19.2 ±5.0	19.0 ± 5.2
CV of double support duration	33.7 ±12.9	36.6 ±12.4	35.4 ± 12.7
CV of single support duration	6.6 ±3.2	6.5 ±3.2	6.5 ± 3.2
MMSE (score)	26.9 ±2.7	27.3 ±2.5	27.1 ± 2.6

± SD. CV, coefficient of variation. BMI, body mass index. MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.