(A–C) Expression analysis of BM niche–associated genes (KITLG, Kit ligand; CXCL12, C-C-C motif chemokine ligand 12; CDH2, cadherin 2; VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ANGPT1, angiopoietin 1; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; IL6, interleukin 6) in adult and pediatric HD- and BT-MSCs. In all panels, each square represents one HD sample (blue: >18 years; light blue: <18 years). Each circle represents one BT sample (red: >18 years; orange: <18 years). Results are expressed as ΔΔCT (left panel). Each error bar shows mean ± SEM (adult HD: n = 4; adult BT: n = 3; pediatric HD: n = 4; pediatric BT: n = 6). (B) qPCR analysis of ANGPT1, CXCL12, VEGFA, and IL6 expression in untreated BT-MSCs (black) and DFO-treated cells (+DFO, gray). Data are mean ± SEM. Experiments were performed in triplicate; n = 3. P values were determined by Student’s t test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001).