EXHIBIT 1.
Foreign-born (%) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US-born citizen (%) |
US citizen |
LPR |
Undocumented (%) |
|||||
Characteristic | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post |
Latino heritage | ||||||||
Mexican | 76.57 | 76.3 | 74.59 | 73.47 | 80.55 | 80.51 | 82.23 | 78.94* |
Other Latino | 23.43 | 23.70 | 25.41 | 26.53 | 19.45 | 19.49 | 17.77 | 21.06 |
Health care outcomes | ||||||||
At least one MD visit | 77.76 | 77.09 | 79.11 | 78.87 | 72.23 | 72.68 | 59.34 | 60.05 |
At least one ED visit | 21.63 | 24.55** | 16.23 | 19.30* | 14.67 | 16.20 | 12.91 | 15.84* |
Usual source of care | 74.62 | 76.39 | 78.47 | 82.78* | 67.02 | 72.91** | 54.35 | 59.79** |
Health insurance type | ||||||||
None | 21.73 | 13.82**** | 24.97 | 13.78**** | 38.47 | 21.03**** | 55.92 | 48.02*** |
Public | 20.45 | 35.23**** | 16.83 | 33.44**** | 23.53 | 44.19**** | 28.18 | 38.67**** |
Private | 57.82 | 50.94**** | 58.20 | 52.78** | 38.00 | 34.79 | 15.90 | 13.24 |
Explanatory variables | ||||||||
Female | 49.20 | 49.10 | 49.80 | 55.52** | 48.87 | 49.59 | 48.69 | 47.30 |
Married | 35.46 | 29.70*** | 68.94 | 65.36 | 63.39 | 58.36* | 45.33 | 44.78 |
Age (years) | *** | **** | **** | **** | ||||
18–29 | 49.80 | 53.57 | 12.45 | 8.42 | 15.89 | 13.14 | 29.14 | 14.48 |
30–39 | 19.67 | 20.00 | 21.00 | 15.60 | 28.75 | 20.43 | 42.15 | 42.47 |
40–49 | 15.56 | 12.31 | 32.75 | 29.65 | 32.14 | 33.50 | 21.84 | 30.60 |
50–64 | 14.98 | 14.12 | 33.80 | 46.33 | 23.21 | 32.93 | 6.87 | 12.44 |
Education | *** | * | ||||||
Less than high school | 10.95 | 8.67 | 38.52 | 40.75 | 58.62 | 61.59 | 64.11 | 64.15 |
High school graduate | 37.41 | 33.98 | 28.71 | 23.99 | 21.58 | 20.47 | 24.15 | 23.52 |
College or more | 51.64 | 57.34 | 32.77 | 35.26 | 19.80 | 17.94 | 11.74 | 12.33 |
English use and proficiency | ||||||||
Speak very well/well | 98.44 | 98.12 | 60.45 | 58.30 | 33.13 | 31.83 | 16.06 | 18.52 |
Speak not well/not at all | 1.56 | 1.88 | 39.55 | 41.70 | 66.87 | 68.17 | 83.94 | 81.48 |
Income (percent of poverty) | *** | |||||||
0–138% | 25.14 | 30.76 | 32.47 | 36.12 | 53.68 | 52.04 | 74.21 | 72.35 |
139–250% | 21.15 | 22.08 | 28.17 | 26.88 | 28.39 | 29.32 | 18.18 | 19.73 |
251 −400% | 20.73 | 19.32 | 19.36 | 19.35 | 9.82 | 12.61 | 5.13 | 5.65 |
More than 400% | 32.99 | 27.84 | 20.00 | 17.65 | 8.10 | 6.04 | 2.47 | 2.27 |
Years in the US | ||||||||
0–4 | —a | —a | 0.59 | 0.17**** | 5.29 | 6.94**** | 14.01 | 7.02**** |
5–9 | —a | —a | 2.82 | 1.55 | 9.11 | 7.34 | 25.59 | 12.95 |
10–14 | —a | —a | 6.63 | 4.96 | 12.01 | 12.26 | 28.33 | 27.28 |
15 or more | —a | —a | 89.96 | 93.32 | 73.60 | 73.47 | 32.07 | 52.75 |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2007–16 from the California Health Interview Survey. NOTES The pre period is 2007–13. The post period is 2014–16. A full list of explanatory variables, including self-reported health status, chronic conditions, urban versus rural residence, and California region, is in the online appendix (see note 28 in text). Significance was measured using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. LPR is legal permanent resident (for example, a green card holder). MD is physician. ED is emergency department.
Not applicable.
p < 0.10
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001