EXHIBIT 1.

Selected characteristics of Latino adults in California before and after implementation of the main provisions ofthe Affordable Care Act, by citizenship and nativity status, 2007–16

			Foreign-born (%)
	US-born citizen (%)		US citizen		LPR		Undocumented (%)
Characteristic	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Latino heritage
Mexican	76.57	76.3	74.59	73.47	80.55	80.51	82.23	78.94*
Other Latino	23.43	23.70	25.41	26.53	19.45	19.49	17.77	21.06
Health care outcomes
At least one MD visit	77.76	77.09	79.11	78.87	72.23	72.68	59.34	60.05
At least one ED visit	21.63	24.55**	16.23	19.30*	14.67	16.20	12.91	15.84*
Usual source of care	74.62	76.39	78.47	82.78*	67.02	72.91**	54.35	59.79**
Health insurance type
None	21.73	13.82****	24.97	13.78****	38.47	21.03****	55.92	48.02***
Public	20.45	35.23****	16.83	33.44****	23.53	44.19****	28.18	38.67****
Private	57.82	50.94****	58.20	52.78**	38.00	34.79	15.90	13.24
Explanatory variables
Female	49.20	49.10	49.80	55.52**	48.87	49.59	48.69	47.30
Married	35.46	29.70***	68.94	65.36	63.39	58.36*	45.33	44.78
Age (years)		***		****		****		****
18–29	49.80	53.57	12.45	8.42	15.89	13.14	29.14	14.48
30–39	19.67	20.00	21.00	15.60	28.75	20.43	42.15	42.47
40–49	15.56	12.31	32.75	29.65	32.14	33.50	21.84	30.60
50–64	14.98	14.12	33.80	46.33	23.21	32.93	6.87	12.44
Education		***		*
Less than high school	10.95	8.67	38.52	40.75	58.62	61.59	64.11	64.15
High school graduate	37.41	33.98	28.71	23.99	21.58	20.47	24.15	23.52
College or more	51.64	57.34	32.77	35.26	19.80	17.94	11.74	12.33
English use and proficiency
Speak very well/well	98.44	98.12	60.45	58.30	33.13	31.83	16.06	18.52
Speak not well/not at all	1.56	1.88	39.55	41.70	66.87	68.17	83.94	81.48
Income (percent of poverty)		***
0–138%	25.14	30.76	32.47	36.12	53.68	52.04	74.21	72.35
139–250%	21.15	22.08	28.17	26.88	28.39	29.32	18.18	19.73
251 −400%	20.73	19.32	19.36	19.35	9.82	12.61	5.13	5.65
More than 400%	32.99	27.84	20.00	17.65	8.10	6.04	2.47	2.27
Years in the US
0–4	—a	—a	0.59	0.17****	5.29	6.94****	14.01	7.02****
5–9	—a	—a	2.82	1.55	9.11	7.34	25.59	12.95
10–14	—a	—a	6.63	4.96	12.01	12.26	28.33	27.28
15 or more	—a	—a	89.96	93.32	73.60	73.47	32.07	52.75

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2007–16 from the California Health Interview Survey. NOTES The pre period is 2007–13. The post period is 2014–16. A full list of explanatory variables, including self-reported health status, chronic conditions, urban versus rural residence, and California region, is in the online appendix (see note 28 in text). Significance was measured using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. LPR is legal permanent resident (for example, a green card holder). MD is physician. ED is emergency department.

^aNot applicable.

^*p < 0.10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01

^****p < 0.001