EXHIBIT 2.
Health care outcomes and insurance status of Latino adults in California before and after implementation of the main provisions of the Affordable Care Act, by heritage group, 2007–16
| Mexico | Guatemala | El Salvador | Other Central American |
Puerto Rico |
South America |
Other Latino |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRE (2007–13) | ||||||||
| Outcome variables | ||||||||
| Had health insurance | 67.6% | 57.9% | 60.6% | 64.9% | 87.2% | 80.2% | 79.0% | **** |
| Had at least one MD visit | 72.9 | 66.1 | 73.1 | 73.2 | 85.0 | 79.9 | 80.1 | **** |
| Had at least one ED visit | 16.9 | 13.2 | 17.6 | 16.0 | 30.9 | 21.2 | 25.5 | **** |
| Had usual source of care | 69.6 | 61.2 | 68.6 | 72.0 | 77.7 | 75.5 | 78.2 | **** |
| Share of total Latino adults | 82.2 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 4.7 | —a |
| POST (2014–16) | ||||||||
| Outcome variables | ||||||||
| Had health insurance | 77.8% | 61.0% | 76.7% | 78.4%A | 94.1% | 80.3% | 88.2% | **** |
| Had at least one MD visit | 72.4 | 60.6 | 75.2 | 75.9 | 82.3 | 80.8 | 82.8 | *** |
| Had at least one ED visit | 18.6 | 23.8 | 19.7 | 28.0 | 39.2 | 26.1 | 31.6 | *** |
| Had usual source of care | 73.2 | 64.0 | 72.2 | 78.6 | 88.2 | 79.5 | 79.3 | ** |
| Share of total Latino adults | 78.9 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 8.6 | —a |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2007–16 from the California Health Interview Survey. NOTES Significance was measured using joint significance chi-square tests in each period. MD is physician. ED is emergency department.
a
Because this information was added for descriptive purposes, tests for pre-post significance changes were not performed.
**
p < 0. 05
***
p < 0. 01
****
p < 0. 001