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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Mol Med. 2019 Jan 22;25(3):241–256. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.007

Figure 3: Tissue-engineering paradigm of TMJ disc constructs.

Figure 3:

Combination of an appropriate cell source and scaffold-based or scaffold-free approaches can be used for fabrication of a TMJ disc construct (upper panels). Via the application of various biochemical and mechanical stimuli, an enhanced, biomimetic construct can be tissue-engineered (lower panels). ACs – hyaline articular chondrocytes, MSCs – mesenchymal stem cells, MCs – knee meniscus cells, LBL – layer-by-layer, 3D – three-dimensional, C-ABC – chondroitinase ABC, LOXL2 – lysyl oxidase-like 2, TGF-β – transforming growth factor beta.