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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Vet Cardiol. 2018 Dec 14;22:2–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.10.004

Figure 2: Atrial activation pattern is determined by the sinoatrial conduction pathway (SACP) during sinus rhythm.

Figure 2:

(A) 3-dimensional view of the sinoatrial node (SAN) complex (B) Intranodal and atrial activation patterns revealed by high resolution optical maps. (C) Traces of SAN and atrial Electrocardiograms (ECG) or optical action potentials (OAP) from canine and human during sinus rhythm. (D) Schematic representation of canine and human SAN depicting shift in leading pacemaker sites and earliest atrial activation site at baseline and after adenosine (Ado). Blocked arrows indicate nonfunctional mid-lateral conduction pathway in canine heart failure (HF) preparations. [(A-D) Sinoatrial node figures and traces were modified from Li et al. Sci Transl Med 2017 (Human) [11] and Lou et al. Circulation 2014 (Canine) [19]]. CT: crista terminalis; EAS: earliest atrial activation site; IAS: interatrial septum; IVC: inferior vena cava; LAA: left atrial appendage; LP: leading pacemaker; OAP: optical action potential; PV: pulmonary veins; RA: right atrium; RAA: right atrial appendage; RAFW: right atrial free wall; SACPs: sinoatrial conduction pathway; SACTsr: sinoatrial conduction time during sinus rhythm; SAN: sinoatrial node; SCL: sinus cycle length; SVC: superior vena cava.