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. 2019 Mar 27;9:5273. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41654-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diminished efficacy with shorter and later treatment. Five weeks of treatment once daily with 50 mg/kg LM11A-31 (n = 5) beginning at 17 months of age partially prevented and/or reversed the decrease in cholinergic neuron area in the MS and VDB seen in the vehicle treated mice (n = 4). Cholinergic neurons were identified by ChAT immunoreactivity and an unbiased estimate of area was obtained using Microbrightfield (MBF) software. A significant decrease in cell area measurements was seen in all groups (t-test, (n = 8) vs 18 months (n = 4), p values = 0.018–0.001). Inhibition and/or reversal of loss of cell size after five weeks of treatment was partial and reached significance only in the composite data for MS + VDB (t-test, treated vs vehicle, p = 0.032). Values are expressed as mean + sem.