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. 2019 Mar 27;9:5273. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41654-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LM11A-31 efficacy at older ages. Representative choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining of neurons in the medial septum (MS) and vertical limb of the diagonal band (VDB) of young, 4-month-old mice (A), and 25-month-old mice treated once daily with vehicle (B) or 50 mg/kg LM11A-31 (C) for four months from 21–25 months. Decreased cell size is apparent in 25-month-old animals, which is partially restored after treatment with LM11A-31. At higher magnification, neurons in the aged mice (E) have a shrunken appearance with a decrease in the size and extent of the neuritic network relative to young mice (D). Aged mice treated with LM11A-31 for 4 months (F) show partial restoration of cell size and neurites.