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. 2018 Mar 10;58(2):597–608. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1644-y

Table 3.

Associations between macronutrient intake and mathematical model BCF parameters

Unit β-cell glucose sensitivity β-cell potentiation factor β-cell rate sensitivitya
Tertiles
n = 303 n = 303 First (n = 101) ≤ 148.40 pmol/m2/mM Second (n = 101) 148.40–348.77 pmol/m2/mM
βb 95% CI βb 95% CI ORc 95% CI ORc 95% CI
Total carbohydrate 50 g Model 1 − 0.07 − 0.17, 0.04 − 0.08 − 0.21, 0.04 0.94 0.81, 1.11 1.03 0.89,1.19
Model 2 − 0.03 − 0.22, 0.17 − 0.09 − 0.34, 0.15 0.98 0.72, 1.35 1.26 0.92, 1.71
Polysaccharide 50 g Model 1 − 0.05 − 0.16, 0.06 − 0.18* − 0.31, − 0.05 1.18 0.93, 1.50 1.02 0.80, 1.28
Model 2 − 0.08 − 0.22, 0.07 − 0.24* − 0.43, − 0.05 1.51* 1.06, 2.15 1.03 0.74, 1.44
Mono- and disaccharide 50 g Model 1 − 0.05 − 0.15, 0.06 0.03 − 0.09, 0.15 0.76* 0.60, 0.96 1.04 0.84, 1.28
Model 2 0.01 − 0.14, 0.16 0.01 − 0.17, 0.19 0.82 0.57, 1.17 1.26 0.91, 1.75
Fiber 10 g Model 1 0.08 − 0.03, 0.18 − 0.09 − 0.21, 0.04 0.97 0.75, 1.27 1.04 0.80, 1.35
Model 2 0.21* 0.08, 0.33 0.01 − 0.16, 0.17 0.85 0.59, 1.21 1.14 0.81, 1.60
Total protein 10 g Model 1 − 0.01 − 0.12, 0.09 0.01 − 0.11, 0.14 0.97 0.87, 1.07 0.99 0.89, 1.10
Model 2 − 0.04 − 0.18, 0.10 0.02 − 0.15, 0.20 0.99 0.85, 1.15 1.03 0.89, 1.18
Animal protein 10 g Model 1 − 0.03 − 0.13, 0.08 0.10 − 0.03, 0.23 0.89 0.66, 1.20 0.99 0.74, 1.31
Model 2 − 0.05 − 0.18, 0.07 0.06 − 0.10, 0.22 0.96 0.85, 1.07 1.00 0.90, 1.11
Vegetable protein 10 g Model 1 0.02 − 0.09, 0.13 − 0.18* − 0.30, − 0.05 0.99 0.86, 1.14 1.03 0.90, 1.18
Model 2 0.12 − 0.10, 0.33 − 0.24 − 0.50, 0.03 0.97 0.59, 1.61 0.90 0.55, 1.45
Total fat 50 g Model 1 0.00 − 0.11, 0.11 − 0.01 − 0.14, 0.11 0.86 0.57, 1.30 0.98 0.66, 1.44
Model 2 0.10 − 0.07, 0.26 − 0.06 − 0.26, 0.15 1.28 0.65, 2.53 1.43 0.76, 2.71
Saturated fat 10 g Model 1 − 0.05 − 0.16, 0.05 0.01 − 0.12, 0.13 0.95 0.79, 1.15 1.08 0.91, 1.28
Model 2 − 0.16 − 0.33, 0.01 − 0.01 − 0.23, 0.21 1.09 0.77, 1.55 1.52* 1.08, 2.12
trans fat 1 g Model 1 − 0.12* − 0.23, − 0.01 − 0.02 − 0.14, 0.11 0.94 0.81, 1.09 1.03 0.91, 1.18
Model 2 − 0.14* − 0.26, − 0.01 0.08 − 0.08, 0.25 0.88 0.73, 1.07 1.11 0.93, 1.31
MUFA 10 g Model 1 0.05 − 0.06, 0.16 0.00 − 0.12, 0.13 0.90 0.72, 1.14 0.93 0.75, 1.17
Model 2 0.16* 0.02, 0.31 − 0.05 − 0.22, 0.13 1.12 0.79, 1.58 1.07 0.77, 1.48
N-3 PUFA 1 g Model 1 0.07 − 0.03, 0.17 − 0.04 − 0.16, 0.07 0.17 0.01, 3.24 0.02* 0.00, 0.38
Model 2 0.04 − 0.07, 0.15 − 0.04 − 0.17, 0.10 0.36 0.01, 11.45 0.01* 0.00, 0.44
N-6 PUFA 1 g Model 1 0.07 − 0.04, 0.17 − 0.07 − 0.19, 0.05 0.99 0.96, 1.03 0.98 0.95, 1.02
Model 2 0.04 − 0.08, 0.17 − 0.07 − 0.22, 0.09 1.01 0.96, 1.06 0.98 0.93, 1.02
Cholesterol 100 mg Model 1 − 0.03 − 0.13, 0.08 0.13 − 0.01, 0.26 0.94 0.76, 1.16 0.91 0.74, 1.13
Model 2 − 0.04 − 0.17, 0.09 0.20* 0.02, 0.37 0.91 0.68, 1.20 0.94 0.71, 1.25

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex, baseline BCF and follow-up insulin resistance

Model 2: adjusted for model 1 and BMI, mean arterial blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication, lipid-modifying medication, family history of T2DM, total energy intake, and intake of dietary fiber, polysaccharide and MUFA

aTertiles of rate sensitivity were not adjusted for baseline rate sensitivity

bPositive values mean an improvement of the specific BCF parameter

cGroup 3 (the group with the best rate sensitivity > 349 pmol/m2/mM) is the reference group

*p value < 0.05