Table 4.
Parameters before and after intervention (subgroup with an increase of bowel movements after fucoidan)
| Parameter | n | Fucoidan intake | n | Placebo intake | |||
| Before | After | Before | After | ||||
| Clinical | Body weight (kg) | 11 | 65.44 ± 7.48 | 64.76 ± 8.04 | 11 | 65.64 ± 7.52 | 65.28 ± 7.89 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 11 | 24.95 ± 2.71 | 24.69 ± 2.81 | 11 | 25.03 ± 2.76 | 25.02 ± 2.79 | |
| Body fat (%) | 9 | 28.24 ± 6.23 | 27.90 ± 6.43 | 11 | 28.78 ± 7.97 | 29.41 ± 7.36 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 10 | 86.12 ± 5.97 | 87.28 ± 6.64 | 11 | 87.16 ± 5.76 | 86.00 ± 7.49 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 9 | 135.22 ± 17.06 | 135.22 ± 16.97 | 5 | 147.00 ± 22.55 | 141.40 ± 19.27 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 9 | 80.33 ± 16.78 | 75.67 ± 14.35 | 5 | 77.80 ± 8.90 | 72.60 ± 13.45 | |
| Biochemical | FPG (mmol/L) | 11 | 8.10 ± 2.05 | 7.83 ± 1.83 | 11 | 7.55 ± 2.00 | 7.99 ± 2.16 |
| HbA1c (%) | 11 | 7.58 ± 1.08 | 7.38 ± 1.00 | 11 | 7.36 ± 1.07 | 7.35 ± 1.20 | |
| Insulin (pmol/mL) | 11 | 43.20 ± 39.00 | 46.20 ± 26.40 | 11 | 45.00 ± 39.00 | 43.80 ± 25.20 | |
| HOMA-IR | 11 | 2.49 ± 1.90 | 2.62 ± 1.39 | 11 | 2.55 ± 2.16 | 2.61 ± 1.58 | |
| Leptin (nmol/L) | 11 | 0.36 ± 0.30* | 0.51 ± 0.43* | 11 | 0.40 ± 0.33 | 0.47 ± 0.39 | |
| HMW-adiponectin (μmol/L) | 11 | 0.23 ± 0.21 | 0.19 ± 0.19 | 11 | 0.21 ± 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.23 | |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 11 | 5.70 ± 1.76* | 4.76 ± 2.22* | 11 | 5.33 ± 1.75 | 5.12 ± 2.59 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 9 | 3.15 ± 0.85 | 3.10 ± 0.65 | 10 | 2.95 ± 0.80 | 3.13 ± 0.80 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 9 | 1.59 ± 0.75 | 1.57 ± 0.62 | 10 | 1.51 ± 0.59 | 1.57 ± 0.62 | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 9 | 1.76 ± 1.41 | 1.63 ± 1.41 | 10 | 1.80 ± 1.80 | 1.68 ± 1.05 | |
| T-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6 | 5.51 ± 1.19 | 5.38 ± 0.80 | 4 | 4.73 ± 0.49 | 5.04 ± 0.75 | |
| AST (U/L) | 3 | 22.67 ± 12.50 | 27.33 ± 15.37 | 5 | 22.60 ± 9.13 | 23.60 ± 4.72 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 3 | 32.33 ± 18.77 | 36.33 ± 22.23 | 5 | 26.20 ± 16.00 | 26.80 ± 7.52 | |
| γ-GTP (U/L) | 3 | 42.00 ± 18.33 | 38.67 ± 20.43 | 5 | 34.40 ± 18.88 | 33.60 ± 14.28 | |
| Zinc (mmol/L) | 11 | 12.45 ± 0.87 | 12.01 ± 1.42 | 11 | 12.96 ± 1.47 | 12.59 ± 1.70 | |
Data are the mean ± SD; *: P < 0.05.
AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HMW, high molecular weight; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; T-cholesterol, total cholesterol.