Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Overall | Control group | AHF group | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 349) | (n = 231) | (n = 118) | ||||
| General status and vital signs | ||||||
| Gender (male, %) | 243 (69.4%) | 167 (72.3) | 76 (64.4%) | 0.141 | ||
| Age (years) | 74 (66–80) | 73 (66–79) | 75 (65–82) | 0.257 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 (117–148) | 127 (116–138) | 156 (119–186) | <0.001 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 80 (69–98) | 75 (67–83) | 108 (91–120) | <0.001 | ||
| Co‐morbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (yes, %) | 255 (73.1%) | 163 (70.6%) | 92 (78.0%) | 0.161 | ||
| Dyslipidaemia (yes, %) | 221 (63.1%) | 157 (68.0%) | 64 (54.2%) | 0.014 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (yes, %) | 136 (39.0%) | 86 (37.2%) | 50 (42.4%) | 0.356 | ||
| Hyperuricaemia (yes, %) | 129 (37.0%) | 82 (35.5%) | 47 (39.8%) | 0.482 | ||
| CKD (yes, %) | 116 (33.2%) | 65 (28.1%) | 51 (43.2%) | 0.006 | ||
| Feature of AHF | ||||||
| New‐onset HF (yes, %) | — | 76 (64.4%) | — | |||
| NYHA IV (yes, %) | — | 112 (75.2%) | — | |||
| LVEF (%) | — | 37 (25–45) | — | |||
| Aetiology of AHF | ||||||
| Ischaemic HF (yes, %) | — | 56 (47.5%) | — | |||
| Valvular HF (yes, %) | — | 20 (16.9%) | — | |||
| Hypertensive HF (yes, %) | — | 14 (11.9%) | — | |||
| Cardiomyopathy (yes, %) | — | 21 (17.8%) | — | |||
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 141 (139–143) | 142 (140–143) | 139 (136–143) | <0.001 | ||
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 4.4 (3.9–4.8) | 0.757 | ||
| BUN (mg/dL) | 18.0 (14.5–25.4) | 16.8 (13.9–20.0) | 25.2 (18.4–41.4) | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.97 (0.77–1.26) | 0.93 (0.76–1.11) | 1.22 (0.83–2.15) | <0.001 | ||
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.109 | ||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.8 (4.8–7.0) | 5.6 (4.7–6.5) | 6.7 (5.4–8.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.3 (11.9–14.7) | 13.6 (12.4–14.9) | 12.2 (10.0–14.3) | <0.001 | ||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.20 (0.07–0.84) | 0.10 (0.05–0.24) | 1.05 (0.28–4.12) | <0.001 | ||
| BNP (pg/mL) | 147 (32–663) | 48 (17–122) | 989 (472–1516) | <0.001 | ||
| XOR activity (pmol/h/mL) | 57.2 (20.7–141.0) | 45.2 (19.3–98.8) | 104.0 (25.9–423.5) | <0.001 | ||
| Arterial blood gas | ||||||
| pH | — | 7.36 (7.26–7.44) | — | |||
| PO2 (mmHg) | — | 106 (79–161) | — | |||
| PCO2 (mmHg) | — | 37 (31–51) | — | |||
| HCO3 (mEq/L) | — | 21.7 (18.6–25.1) | — | |||
| BE (mmol/L) | — | −3.1 (−6.2–0.2) | — | |||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | — | 1.95 (1.40–3.48) | — | |||
| Medication | ||||||
| XOR inhibitors (yes, %) | 99 (28.4%) | 60 (26.0%) | 39 (33.1%) | 0.170 | ||
| Febuxostat (yes, %) | 91 (26.1%) | 53 (22.9%) | 38 (32.2%) | |||
| Allopurinol (yes, %) | 5 (1.4%) | 4 (1.7%) | 1 (0.8%) | |||
| Topiroxostat (yes, %) | 2 (0.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
AHF, acute heart failure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction measured by echocardiography; NYHA, New York Heart Association; XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase.