Fig. 5.

Inhibitory effect of ginseng extract on H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in AML-12 cells. (A) Cell viability of AML-12 cells co-treated with H₂O₂ and ginseng extract for 12 h, determined by MTT assay. The reference line shows H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity. (B) TUNEL staining of AML-12 cells treated with H₂O₂ alone or with ginseng extract for 12 h. ***p < 0.05 versus H₂O_2.*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 versus BGE. All values are shown as means ± standard error of mean; n = 3. BGE, black ginseng extract; C, control; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; RGE, red ginseng extract; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling; WGE, white ginseng extract.