Fig. 3.

Ginsenoside Rf inhibits hypoxia-induced cellular migration of A549 cells via PPARγ. A549 cells were pretreated with ginsenoside Rf (10 μM) and/or T0070907 (5 μM) treatment for 1 h and incubated under hypoxia for 24 h. Cells that migrated through the membranes were fixed and counted using light microscopy. Bar graph shows relative migrated cells. The cells in the lower side were counted and are graphed below. Scale bar represent 100 μm. Values represent the mean ± SD (N = 3). All experiments were repeated at least three times. * represent p < 0.05, ** represent p < 0.01. PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma; SD, standard deviation.