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. 2018 Sep 6;9(2):203–219. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.002

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© 2018 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 3 — Mechanisms of anticancer action of vitamin D within tumor microenvironment (TME). The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)₂D₃, not only suppresses cancer cell growth, but also regulates a range of stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-derived endothelial cells, cancer stem cells and infiltrating immune cells, within TME to facilitate cancer suppression. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ also exhibits anti-inflammatory effect within TME. The representative signal transduction pathways are displayed.