Fig. 3.

An illustration representing the concentration-dependent effects of various concentrations of gintonin (GT) and the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist (Ki16425) on VEGF expression in primary astrocytes. Images captured by confocal laser scanning microscopy, showing the FITC signal. (A) Untreated primary astrocytes. (B–F) Treated primary astrocytes. The astrocytes were treated with (B) 0.1 μg/mL GT; (C) 0.3 μg/mL GT; (D) 1 μg/mL GT; (E) the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist (Ki16425) alone; and (F) 0.3 μg/mL GT and Ki16425. Scale bar: 40 μm.

LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.