Table 2.
Task scores for general language measures.
| Task | Possible score | Participants included in the analyses (N = 27) | Participants excluded due to sIS > 115 (N = 26) | Group comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IS Report, M (SD) | 120 | 86.33 (26.9) | 118.85 (1.38) | t(26.141) = 6.266, p < .001 | |
| Spoken naming | 120 | 49.19 (34.33) | 84.35 (33.48) | t(51) = 3.773, p < .001 | |
| Error detection (proportion out of total errors made) | 1 | 0.28 (0.24) | 0.31 (0.25) | t(51) = 0.565, p = .575 | |
| Error correction (proportion out of total errors detected) | 1 | 0.35 (0.31) | 0.52 (0.33) | t(48) = 1.826, p = .074 | |
| WAB yes/no questions | 60 | 55.78 (3.56) | 56.19 (3.56) | t(51) = 0.424, p = .673 | |
| Lexical comprehension (auditory word-to-picture matching) | 48 | 43.52 (5.42) | 45.92 (4.45) | t(49.777) = 1.760, p = .083 | |
| Repetition (single words) | 60 | 41.41 (15.0) | 47.42 (16.02) | t(51) = 1.412, p = .164 | |
| Number of participants with evidence of possible apraxia | N/A | 14/27 | 10/26 | χ2(1, N = 53) = 0.958, p = .328 | |
| Fluency measures from picture description task | Average words per minute | Unlimited | 39.55 (27.4) | 51.22 (27.96) | t(51) = 1.534, p = .131 |
| Average words per utterance | Unlimited | 4.12 (2.27) | 4.86 (2.31) | t(51) = 1.158, p = .252 | |
| Primary IS tasks | First-letter identification: picture based | 30 | 17.3 (9.0) | 24.58 (6.94) | t(48.694) = 3.303, p = .002 |
| First-letter identification: auditory | 30 | 21.85 (9.96) | 26.12 (7.24) | t(47.5) = 1.788, p = .080 | |
| Syllable counting: picture based | 30 | 17.15 (7.68) | 23.77 (5.46) | t(51) = 3.606, p = .001 | |
| Syllable counting: auditory | 30 | 22.30 (7.76) | 25.81 (5.59) | t(51) = 1.884, p = .065 | |
Note. The table shows overall task results for the group of participants who were included in further analyses (N = 27) versus the group who was excluded due to a score > 115 on the inner speech (IS) report task. Independent-samples t tests were performed to compare scores for the two main participant groups. Note that sIS refers to successful inner speech, as reported by participants during a silent picture-naming task. IS = inner speech; sIS = successful inner speech; WAB = Western Aphasia Battery; N/A = not applicable.