Table 4.
Risks of colon cancer recurrences and any additional cancers associated with antihypertensive use
| Recurrence | Any cancer event | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N at riska | person-years | N | Crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95%CI) | Fully adjusted recurrence HR (95%CI)b | N | Crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95%CI) | Fully adjusted any cancer HR (95%CI)b | |
| Any antihypertensive medication | ||||||||
| No antihypertensive use | 1083 | 4134 | 64 | 15.5 (11.9–19.8) | 1 (ref) | 155 | 37.5 (31.8–43.9) | 1 (ref) |
| Antihypertensive use | 1425 | 7823 | 88 | 11.3 (9.0–13.9) | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 305 | 39.0 (34.7–43.6) | 0.94 (0.70–1.24) |
| By type of antihypertensivec | ||||||||
| ACEI use (ref = no ACEI use) | 878 | 4546 | 43 | 9.5 (6.8–12.7) | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | 168 | 37.0 (31.6–43.0) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) |
| ARB use (ref = no ARB use) | 226 | 1042 | 10 | 9.6 (4.6–17.6) | 1.17 (0.58–2.36) | 42 | 40.3 (29.0–54.5) | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) |
| BB use (ref = no BB use) | 890 | 4734 | 44 | 9.3 (6.8–12.5) | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | 177 | 37.4 (32.1–43.3) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) |
| CCB use (ref = no CCB use) | 559 | 2720 | 20 | 7.4 (4.5–11.4) | 0.62 (0.37–1.04) | 100 | 36.8 (29.9–44.7) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) |
| TD use (Ref = no TD use) | 713 | 4191 | 37 | 8.8 (6.2–12.2) | 0.75 (0.49–1.17) | 137 | 32.7 (27.4–38.6) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) |
aN at risk differs from N in Table 2 because antihypertensive exposures are time-varying. Therefore, participants contribute unexposed time until the day they meet exposure criteria
bFully adjusted model included: age and diagnosis year (both using natural cubic splines with knots at tertiles), sex (male/female), stage at diagnosis (I/IIA/IIB/IIIA), study site (KPWA/KPCO), race (white/black/other & unknown), time-varying smoking (yes/no), BMI at diagnosis (< 25.0/25.0–29.9/30.0+ kg/m2), Charlson comorbidity score in the year before diagnosis (0/1/2/3+), statin use in the year before diagnosis (yes/no), antihypertensive use in the year before diagnosis (yes/no), and time-varying statin use after cohort entry (yes/no)
cEach antihypertensive exposure adjusted for all other antihypertensive exposures. People could be exposed to multiple types of antihypertensives during the study follow-up
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blockers, BB beta blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, TD thiazide diuretic