Table 3.
Changes in Physical Activity, Neighborhood Environment and Social Norms for Study Participants From Baseline to Follow-Up, By Distance from Neighborhood Investment
| Intervention (Within .1 mile of Investment) | Comparison (Further than .1 mile from Investment) | Difference-in-Difference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Baseline Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 119) |
Change + Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 119) |
p-value | Baseline Percent, Mean(SE) (n = 554) |
Change + Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 554) |
p-value | Intervention Change – Comparison Change (n = 673) |
p-value |
| Health Outcomes | ||||||||
| Daily MVPA minutes for those participants who were physically functional | 7.34 (2.32) | −2.18 (1.50) | 0.148 | 6.55 (0.76) | −0.71 (0.80) | 0.371 | −1.47 | 0.318 |
| Self-reported average min/week walking place to place for those participants who were physically functional | 139.0 (20.4) | −2.42 (26.53) | 0.927 | 209.6 (14.7) | 11.31 (18.71) | 0.545 | −13.74 | 0.738 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 32.13 (0.70) | −1.16 (0.35) | 0.0008 | 30.75 (0.31) | −0.35 (0.15) | 0.020 | −0.81 | 0.032 |
| Obese (% with BMI > =30) | 58.56 | −1.99 | 0.563 | 48.60 | −3.11 | 0.043 | 1.12 | 0.777 |
| Overweight (% BMI > =25) | 78.89 | −4.38 | 0.021 | 79.65 | −2.45 | 0.059 | −1.93 | 0.443 |
| Psychological Distress (K6) | 4.83 (0.46) | −0.38 (0.38) | 0.316 | 4.30 (0.19) | 0.04(0.19) | 0.850 | −0.42 | 0.331 |
| Neighborhood Environment | ||||||||
| Perceived Infrastructure (e.g. sidewalks, lighting, crosswalks, pedestrian signals) (5 point scale) | 3.30 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.06) | .0003 | 3.20 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.03) | <.0001 | 0.04 | 0.564 |
| Aesthetics (e.g. trees, interesting things, attractive sights) (5 point scale) | 2.97 (0.08) | 0.35 (0.09) | <.0001 | 2.82 (0.04) | 0.21 (0.04) | <.0001 | 0.15 | 0.123 |
| Safety (5 point scale) | 2.83 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.043 | 2.90 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.03) | <.0001 | −0.05 | 0.523 |
| Satisfaction with one’s neighborhood as a place to live (% satisfied or very satisfied) | 68.41 | 8.75 | 0.125 | 60.82 | 5.31 | 0.033 | 3.44 | 0.486 |
| Social Cohesion | 3.11 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.251 | 3.05 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.04) | <.0001 | −0.09 | 0.198 |
| Many places in easy walking distance of home (% who agree or strongly agree) | 46.23 | 33.76 | <.0001 | 40.08 | 17.19 | <.0001 | 16.57 | 0.005 |
| Traffic along nearby streets makes it difficult or unpleasant to walk (% who agree or strongly agree) | 32.82 | −4.75 | 0.363 | 29.30 | −6.15 | 0.014 | 1.40 | 0.736 |
| Social Norms and Environment | ||||||||
| How often do your friend and family participate in physical activity (PA)? | 2.98 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.390 | 2.91 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.931 | 0.11 | 0.461 |
| How often do you see people in your neighborhood participating in PA? | 3.18 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.150 | 3.21 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.869 | 0.22 | 0.20 |
| High intentions to engage in PA (% who intend) | 56.33 | −5.26 | 0.300 | 61.44 | −6.43 | 0.016 | 1.17 | 0.819 |
| High barriers to PA (%) | 18.76 | −12.05 | 0.008 | 15.61 | −9.18 | <.0001 | −2.87 | 0.716 |
| Self-efficacy to engage in PA | 5.07 (0.22) | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.650 | 5.51 (0.10) | −0.00 (0.11) | 0.996 | 0.11 | 0.677 |
| Outcome expectancies | 3.95 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.877 | 3.98 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.189 | 0.03 | 0.644 |
source: Authors’ calculations. Notes Results bolded in the table are significant after Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing adjustment at the 5% significance level; + Change is computed as difference between follow up and baseline; HD Hill District, HW Homewood, PA Physical Activity, NBHD Neighborhood. All models are covariate adjusted for sex, age, education, income, marital status, and any children, and include attrition weights