Table 1.

Data extraction of the selected articles.

References	Study design	Participants	Age	Periodontitis diagnosis		Exercise evaluation	Statistical analysis	Results	Outcomes
				Clinical	Laboratorial	Clinical
Sakki et al., 1995	Cross-sectional	n = 527 Male = 266 Female = 261	55 years	Probing depth Periodontal pockets > 3mm	None	Questionaire–Low exercise–Less than 15 min walking, cycling, walking to work and exercised only once or less in a week High – Other practices over low exercise rate	Logistic regression analysis	Lifestyle had an independent association with periodontal health. Periodontal pocketing increased with annanheallhier lifestyle	Lifestyle could explain some of the social and sex differences in periodontal health
Al-Zahrani et al., 2005a	Cross-sectional	n = 2,521 Male = 1,245 Female = 1,276	Mean age (SE) Without periodontitis 47.4(0.5) With periodontitis 50.3(0.9)	Probing depth Clinical Attachment loss	None	Questionnaire -nine-leisure time activities - –walking a mile, running, cycling, aerobics exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work and weight lifting	Multivariable logistic regression analysis	Engaging in the recommend level of physical activity (OR 0.58, 95% CI, 0.35–0.96; p < 0.05). Smoking, however, was found to modify this relationship. among never (OR 0.46, 95% CI, 0.23–0.93) and former smokers (ORZ 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09–0.72)	Engaging in the recommended level of exercise is associated with lower periodontitis prevalence, especially among never and former smokers
Al-Zahrani et al., 2005b	Cross-sectional	N = 12.110	N° enhancing-behaviors Mean age (SE) 0–43.4 (0.45) 1–40.2 (0.64) 2 −39.7 (0.80) 3–48.8 (1.43)	Probing depth Gingival bleeding	None	Comparison Periodontitis Three-enhancing behaviors 1—Questionnaire of nine-leisure time walking mile, running, cycling, aerobics exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work and weight lifting. 2—Maintaining body mass index 3—Dietary quality—Healthy Eating Index (HEI)	Multivariable logistic regression analysis	Engaging in one health behavior is associated with 16% reduction in the prevalence of periodontitis ([OR] = 0.84; 95% [CI] = 0.77-0.93). Engaging Three healthy behaviors were associated with 40% reduction of periodontitis prevalence compared to individuals with none of these health-enhancing behaviors	An increase number of healthy-behaviors is associated with lower periodontitis prevalence
Sanders et al., 2009	Case-control	n = 751 Case = 359 Controls = 392	(143)18–44 years (201) 45–64 years (108) 65+ years	Probing depth and Gengival Recession to obtain the Clinical Attachment Loss	GCF e IL-1b (ELISA methods)	Questionnaire-Leisure-time physical activity. Physical activity A sufficiently active group (>150 min over 5 sessions) vs. an insufficiently active group (< 150 min. over 5 sessions).	Unconditional logistic regression	Subjects, with a prescribed threshold for leisure-time physical activity had lower adjusted odds of elevated IL-1b: OR 0.69, (95% CI 0.50–0.94) and detectable CRP: OR 0.70 (0.50–0.98) than less active adults. Physical activity was not associated with periodontitis: OR 1.14 (0.80–1.62)	Leisure-time physical activity may protect against an excessive inflammatory response in periodontitis
Bawadi et al., 2011	Cross-sectional	n = 340 Male = 168 Female = 172 Low physical activity (171) Moderate physical activity (108) High physical activity (61)	18–70 years Mean 36± 14.9 years	Plaque index, Gingival Index Probing depth Clinical Attachment Loss	None	Questionnaire- International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)	General Linear Model Multivariate procedure. This procedure provided regression analysis and analysis of variance for multiple dependent variables (periodontal parameters) by different explanatory variables and covariates.	Individuals who were highly physically active had a significantly lower PI, GI, CAL and percentage of sites with CAL± 3 mm compared to individuals with a low and moderate level of physical activity	A low physical activity level and a poor diet were significantly associated with increased odds of periodontal disease. Further studies are needed to understand this relationship in greater detail
Merchant et al., 2003	Cause Cohort	n = 2123 Men	Age: 35–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70+	Radiographic analysis Sub-sample (n = 137) Blinded dentist Bone loss (mm) at proximal sites (mesial/distal) with periodontal probe, viewing box and loupes	None	Questionnaire– Hours per week walking (walking to work), hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, using a stationary bicycle, swimming, playing tennis, squash, or aerobics, and the numbers of flights of stairs that participants climbed.	Cox regression analysis–Relative risk and Hazard Ratios Cox regression analysis–Relative risk and Hazard Ratios		A linear inverse association of sustained physical activity and periodontitis was found after confounders adjustment. A healthy lifestyle that incorporates physical activity, including walking, may be beneficial to periodontal health
Samnieng et al., 2013	Cross-sectional	n = 612 Males = 158 Female = 454	Mean = 68.8 ± 5.9 years	Probing depth Clinical attachment loss	None	Questionnaire Subjects were dichotomized into a high health practices group (six to seven practices) and a low health practices (zero to five practices) group based on the number of desirable health practices.	ANCOVA analysis.	ANCOVA analysis demonstrated the following significant association: physical activity with periodontal disease and salivary flow rate	Health practices were also associated with better oral health outcomes such as higher number of teeth present, fewer DT, less periodontal disease, oral malodour, and higher salivary flow rate