Table 2.
Anatomical conclusions of neuroimaging studies in PCL.
| References | Neurological condition | Terminology | n | Main study findings | Anatomical localization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen et al. (70) | Stroke | PC | 12 PC+ | Isolated, bilateral pontine lesions in most severe cases; bilateral basal ganglia lesions in intermediate group; unilateral subcortical lesions in milder | Pons (raphe nuclei), Basal ganglia, Subcortical WM |
| Murai et al. (71) | Stroke | PC | 6 PC+ 9 PC– |
Reduced SERT binding ratios in midbrain/pons in PC | Brainstem (raphe nuclei) |
| Tateno et al. (72) | TBI | PCL | 92 PCL+ | PLC associated with traumatic frontal lobe lesions, particularly lateral left frontal lobe | Frontal lobes (esp. left lateral) |
| Ghaffar et al. (23) | MS | PBA | 14 PBA+ 14 PBA– |
Greater lesion volume in PBA subjects in brainstem; bilateral inferior parietal and medial inferior frontal; right medial superior frontal | Brainstem; Parietal lobes (bilateral inferior); frontal; basal ganglia |
| Floeter et al. (10) | ALS | PBA | 22 PBA+ 25 PBA– 28 HC |
PBA+ (vs. PBA-): reduced FA underlying left motor cortex, Increased MD underlying the frontotemporal cortex, the transverse pontine fibers, and MCP. IC pathology in both groups | widespread disruption of CPC tracts in PBA |
| Wang et al. (21) | Stroke | PCL | 56 PCL+, 56 PCL– | PCL associated with pontine infarcts, particularly paramedian lesions | Pons |
| Christidi et al. (73) | ALS | PCL | 28 PCL+ 28 PCL– 25 HC |
PCL+ vs. PCL-: Reduced GM volume: left orbitofrontal cortex, frontal operculum, putamen; and bilateral frontal poles. WM pathology: decreased FA in left cingulum bundle, posterior corona radiata | Frontal cortex: left orbitofrontal; and operculum Cingulate WM |
CPC, cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways; CPM, Central Pontine Myelinolysis; Dx, Diagnosis; HC, Healthy control; MSA-C, Multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type; n, sample size; PBP, Pseudobulbar Palsy; PC, Pathological crying; PL, pathological laughing; PM, Post-mortem/Autopsy; SERT, Serotonin transporter; IC, Internal Capsule; STN-DBS, Subthalamic nucleus, deep brain stimulation; UMN, Upper motor neuron; WM, White matter.