Table 2.

Investigation modalities for zoonotic sources of monkeypox virus.

Possible MPXV source location	Potential source	Investigation	Probable Investigation Stakeholders
Wildlife habitat, forest	Live animals, animal carcasses, multiple species	Longitudinal or sentinel surveillance; intensive sampling (trapping) during presumptive epizootic	Ecologic scientists (University and/or Government based); Governmental sectors with oversight of Forests, the Environment, Conservation; Veterinary and/or human public health laboratories
Market	Skins, meat, non-meat wildlife products (amulet, traditional medicines, quills, ointments)	During outbreak–tissue samples, swabs, fragment of products	Food inspection authorities; Governmental sectors with oversight of Agriculture; Veterinary and/or human public health laboratories
Live animal market/zoos and animal sanctuaries	Live animals, animal carcasses, ill animals, in captive settings for commence or display	During outbreak–tissue samples, swabs, necropsy specimens	Governmental sectors with oversight of Forests, the Environment, Conservation; Governmental sectors with oversight of Agriculture, and Human Public Health; Veterinary and/or human public health laboratories
Peridomestic environment	Live animals, animal carcasses, multiple species	During outbreak – intensive sampling (trapping) around location of affected human habitations	Ecologic scientists (University and/or Government based); Governmental sectors with oversight of Human Public Health and Sanitation; Veterinary and/or human public health laboratories