(a)
P. falciparum parasites are completely eliminated (0% oocyst
intensity, and 0% prevalence of infection, shown in the pie charts) in females
exposed to either 1 mmol/m2 or 100 μmol/m2 ATQ for
6 min (Prevalence: Two-sided Chi2. 1 mmol/m2: n = 113, df
= 1, χ2 = 91.00, p < 0.0001. 100
μmol/m2: n = 102, df = 1, χ2 = 80.59, p
< 0.0001). At 10 μmol/m2, prevalence of infection (10
μmol/m2: n = 149, df = 1, χ2 = 55.58, p
< 0.0001) and median oocyst intensity (2-sided Mann-Whitney, n = 149, df
= 1, U = 258, p = 0.0349) are significantly reduced in the ATQ-treated group.
Medians are indicated. (b) IFAs of mosquito midgut lumens 21 h post
P. falciparum infection using parasite-specific antibodies
(anti-PfS25, green) and DNA (DAPI, blue) staining. Example images from 14
independent mosquito midgut samples (7 control, 7 ATQ-treated); P.
falciparum forms are shown. Left panel: mature ookinete in
controls. Right panel: zygote (asterisk) and retort forms (white arrows) in
ATQ-treated females. ATQ-treated females have few ookinetes (1.2% total
parasites) and a large proportion of zygotes (88.5% total parasites), indicating
parasite arrest, while controls contain a significantly larger proportion of
normal ookinetes (40.1%, Nominal Logistic Regression, n = 5091, df = 14,
χ2 = 1620.88, p < 0.0001). Scale bar: 10 μm.
(c, d)
P. falciparum parasites are completely eliminated also when
females are exposed to ATQ (1 mmol/m2, 6 min) either (c)
24 h prior (2-sided Chi2 w/Bonferroni correction, n= 152, df = 1,
χ2 = 116.74, p < 0.0001) or (d) 12 h
after (2-sided Chi2 w/ Bonferroni correction, n = 141, df = 1,
χ2 = 75.11, p < 0.0001) an infectious blood meal.
Medians are indicated. Where relevant, statistical significance is indicated as
so: * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = < 0.001, **** = p
< 0.0001. For (a), (c) and (d), n indicates the number of biologically
independent mosquito samples. For (b), n indicates the number of independent
parasite forms.