Table 1. Types of integration in a surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria by surveillance activities.

Surveillance activity	Integration of information	Integration in operations and processes	Integration of multiple institutions, disciplines and perspectives
Data collectiona	Integration of antimicrobial resistance data from: • human, animal and environmental sources; • different animal species; • different production type within a species (for example organic versus other productions) • different collection points (farm, abattoir, retail meat, water, soil); • different microorganism species; • different antimicrobials; and • active and passive surveillance activities	Standardization across human and animal sources of: • laboratory methods for samples; and • measurement units used to analyse and report antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use	Integration of: • data collection in one local or national organization (versus multiple organizations involved in animal health and human health); and • sample analysis in one laboratory (versus different laboratories for animal health, human health or others)
	Integration of data on antimicrobial use and other risk factors (e.g. farm management practices)
Data analyses and interpretation	Comparisons of data on antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use from: • human, animal and environmental sources; • different animal species; • different animal commodities; • different collection points; • sick and healthy animals and humans; • different geographical locations; and • over time	Use of more complex integrated statistical analysis (versus simple comparisons of trends in data from different sources)	Integration of data analysis and interpretation: • in one institution (versus different institutions in animal and human health); • in one team of analysts (versus different individuals or teams); and • based on the perspectives of experts in different disciplines and the stakeholders involved in data interpretation
	Analysis of the links between antimicrobial use, other risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance	Analysis of relationships in antimicrobial resistance trends: • across data from different sources; and • in relation to risk factors
Surveillance information dissemination	Integration of information from different sources in reporting activities (versus separated by sources)	Reporting: • using one main harmonized format for animal health and human health end-users (versus multiple formats); • at the same time to human and animal health stakeholders through at least one activity (one report or one meeting); and • adapted to stakeholders from human and animal health (other reporting activities)	Dissemination of information: • coordinated by one institution (versus different institutions in charge of dissemination); and • based on the perspectives of experts in different disciplines and the stakeholders involved in dissemination

^a Includes sample collection, sample analyses and data centralization.