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. 2019 Mar 21;10:397. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00397

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Copyright © 2019 Heide, Vaughan, Sette, Jacobs and Schulze zur Wiesch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Schematic draft of P. falciparum AMA1. This schematic draft shows the signal sequence (SS) toward the N- terminus followed by the propeptide which is cleaved off during the maturing process. Domain I, II, and III build the ectodomain of AMA1 with a hydrophobic cleft and a PAN fold in the tertiary structure. The transmembrane domain (TM) as well as the cytoplasmic domain (CPD) are located within the C-terminus. (B) Epitope map of AMA1. Only epitopes that were tested in malaria-naïve study cohorts immunized with P. falciparum antigens have been published for AMA1. NEVVKEEY is the only epitope within this antigen that reached a response RF (response frequency) of 40% or greater.