Table 2. Differences between normal and low hand grip strength.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal HGS (n = 1,118, N = 2.0x106) |
Low HGS (n = 574, N = 0.9x106) |
p value | Normal HGS (n = 1,296, N = 2.1x106) |
Low HGS (n = 646, N = 1.0x106) |
p value | |
| Age (years) | 71.1 (0.2) | 75.1 (0.2) | <0.001 | 71.6 (0.2) | 75.2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 (0.1) | 22.9 (0.1) | <0.001 | 24.6 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.2) | 0.003 |
| Hand grasp strength, Dominant hand (kg) | 35.5 (0.2) | 23.5 (0.2) | <0.001 | 21.8 (0.1) | 13.2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 7.8 (0.8) | 13.8 (1.7) | 33.5 (1.7) | 51.3 (2.3) | ||
| Yes | 92.2 (0.8) | 86.2 (1.7) | 66.5 (1.7) | 48.7 (2.3) | ||
| Smoking status (%) | 0.823 | 0.021 | ||||
| Never smoker | 20.1 (1.4) | 21.1 (2.1) | 94.8 (0.7) | 90.8 (1.5) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 60.2 (1.8) | 60.5 (2.6) | 3.2 (0.6) | 5.5 (1.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 19.7 (1.5) | 18.4 (1.9) | 2.1 (0.5) | 3.7 (1.2) | ||
| Exercise (%) | ||||||
| Aerobic exercise | 50.4 (1.8) | 34.6 (2.6) | <0.001 | 33.6 (1.7) | 20.4 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Strengthening | 34.4 (1.8) | 18.6 (1.9) | <0.001 | 12.6 (1.1) | 4.2 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Nutritional status (%) | ||||||
| Inadequate protein intake | 23.1 (1.5) | 41.2 (2.4) | <0.001 | 41.5 (1.6) | 55.7 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Inadequate energy intake | 54.7 (1.8) | 68.7 (2.3) | <0.001 | 62.4 (1.6) | 74.0 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Excessive carbohydrate intake | 65.5 (1.6) | 78.8 (1.8) | <0.001 | 79.7 (1.4) | 82.8 (1.8) | 0.171 |
| Excessive fat intake | 3.1 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.021 | 3.5 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.7) | 0.304 |
| House income quartile (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 34.6 (1.7) | 53.5 (2.6) | 46.9 (1.8) | 59.6 (2.3) | ||
| 2 | 31.3 (1.6) | 23.2 (2.0) | 26.5 (1.4) | 20.4 (1.7) | ||
| 3 | 19.6 (1.4) | 14.0 (1.7) | 15.6 (1.2) | 12.2 (1.7) | ||
| 4 (highest) | 14.5 (1.4) | 9.3 (1.6) | 11.0 (1.3) | 7.8 (1.2) | ||
| Education level (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 6 years | 35.4 (1.8) | 56.3 (2.6) | 68.7 (1.7) | 86.9 (1.7) | ||
| 7–9 years | 18.1 (1.4) | 14.4 (1.8) | 12.6 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.1) | ||
| 10–12 years | 28.3 (1.7) | 16.9 (1.8) | 12.9 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.1) | ||
| ≥ 13 years | 18.3 (1.5) | 12.5 (2.0) | 5.8 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.8) | ||
| Comorbidity (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 59.3 (1.8) | 56.3 (2.3) | 0.297 | 65.1 (1.6) | 69.1 (2.4) | 0.191 |
| Diabetes | 23.1 (1.5) | 24.9 (2.2) | 0.526 | 21.2 (1.5) | 30.2 (2.7) | 0.002 |
| Arthritis | 11.8 (1.2) | 16.3 (1.6) | 0.018 | 42.4 (1.7) | 41.4 (2.4) | 0.770 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 8.4 (1.0) | 9.3 (1.4) | 0.618 | 6.3 (0.8) | 7.5 (1.3) | 0.369 |
| COPD | 2.2 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.7) | 0.598 | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.189 |
| Dental problem (%) | 36.6 (1.8) | 48.4 (2.5) | <0.001 | 41.4 (1.6) | 48.2 (2.6) | 0.029 |
Values are reported as mean (standard error) or % (standard error).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease