Table 3. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with hand grip strength in men.

	Model 1			Model 2
	Odds Ratio	95% CI	p value	Odds Ratio	95% CI	p value
Age				1.16	1.13–1.20	<0.001
Body mass index	0.91	0.87–0.95	<0.001	0.92	0.88–0.96	<0.001
Alcohol drinking	0.66	0.45–0.96	0.032	0.75	0.49–1.14	0.181
Smoking status			0.893
Current smoker	1
Ex-smoker	1.09	0.77–1.54
Never smoker	1.05	0.71–1.55
Exercise
Aerobic exercise	0.64	0.79–0.84	0.001	0.67	0.51–0.89	0.006
Strengthening exercise	0.58	0.43–0.78	<0.001	0.72	0.52–0.99	0.044
Nutritional status
Inadequate protein intake	1.89	1.45–2.47	<0.001	1.50	1.05–2.15	0.027
Inadequate energy intake	1.41	1.09–1.83	0.009	1.17	0.85–1.60	0.342
Excessive carbohydrate intake	1.78	1.38–2.28	<0.001	1.57	1.18–2.11	0.002
Excessive fat intake	0.45	0.19–1.10	0.079
House income quartile, %			0.051
1 (lowest)	1
2	0.69	0.51–0.94
3	0.67	0.46–0.98
4 (highest)	0.67	0.41–1.09
Educational level			<0.001			0.001
≤ 6 years	1			1
7–9 years	0.60	0.42–0.86		0.63	0.43–0.92
10–12 years	0.39	0.28–0.54		0.50	0.35–0.71
≥ 13 years	0.45	0.29–0.69		0.62	0.39–0.98
Comorbidity
Hypertension	0.81	0.63–1.04	0.094
Diabetes	1.24	0.90–1.71	0.190
Arthritis	1.36	0.94–1.97	0.104
Ischemic heart disease	0.93	0.60–1.43	0.725
COPD	0.74	0.31–1.80	0.510
Dental problem	1.47	1.13–1.90	0.004	1.16	0.88–1.53	0.289

CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Model 1 was adjusted for age.

Model 2 was adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol drinking, dental problem, aerobic and strengthening exercise, inadequate energy, protein and excess carbohydrate intake, and educational level.