. 2019 Jan 28;11(1):e3970. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3970

Table 2. Prevalence and risk factors of COPD among Bangladeshi population.

COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD - Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Study	Study settings	Study design	Sample size	Study population	Outcome variable	Prevalence (%)	Distribution (%)	Risk factors
Alam et al., 2015 [17]	Rural-Matlab, Chandpur; Urban-Kamlapur, Dhaka	Cross-sectional observational study	3744 Urban-1895; Rural-1849)	Male and female of age >40 years	COPD	13.5 (95% CI, 12.4–14.6) (GOLD criteria) 10.3 (95% CI, 9.3–11.3) (LLN criteria)	Age Group 40–49 years- 5.2 50–59 years-13.6 60–69 years-27.5 Sex Male-22.0 Female-6.4 Area of residence Rural-17.0 Urban-9.9 Education Illiterate-16.1 Literate-11.3 Occupation Manual-24.9 Non-Manual-8.5 Income Low-16.3 High-11.1 BMI Normal- 12.4 Underweight- 26.8 Overweight/Obese- 5.9 Smoking Status Never- 6.1 Current- 24.8 Former- 28.1 Biomass Fuel Exposure Biomass Fuel- 17.3 Clean Fuel- 9.9 H/O of Asthma Yes- 38.5 No- 11.6 (According to GOLD criteria)	Age Group 50–59 years OR: 2.2 95% CI, 1.6–3.0 p < 0.001 60–69 years OR: 4.7 95% CI, 3.5–6.4 p < 0.001 Education (Illiterate) OR =1.4 95% CI, 1.1–1.7 p = 0.008 BMI (Underweight) OR: 1.9 95% CI, 1.5–2.4 p < 0.001 Smoking Status Current OR: 5.5 95% CI, 4.2–7.2 p < 0.001 Former OR: 4.5 95% CI, 3.3–6.0 p < 0.001 Biomass Fuel Exposure OR: 1.5 95% CI, 1.2–1.9 p = 0.001 H/O of Asthma OR: 6.9 95% CI, 4.9–9.5 p < 0.001
Grigsby et al., 2016 [18]	Ten LMICs; In Bangladesh: Rural-Matlab Urban-Dhaka	Longitudinal study (Bangladesh)	Dhaka-1878; Matlab-1846	Male and female of age > 40 years (Bangladesh)	COPD	Dhaka- 10.0 Matlab- 15.4	Dhaka- Male- 45 BMI >30 kg/m²-13.0 Daily smoker-6.0 Biomass user-4.0 Education >secondary-64.0 Monthly household income categories Lowest-5.0 Second-5.0 Third-17.0 Fourth-20.0 Fifth-19.0 Highest-34.0 Matlab- Male- 51% BMI >30 kg/m²-2.0 Daily smoker-9.0 Biomass user-98.0 Education >secondary-19.0 Monthly household income categories Lowest-20.0 Second-21.0 Third-29.0 Fourth-15.0 Fifth-9.0 Highest-6.0	Data was not separately presented for Bangladesh
Alim et al., 2014 [19]	Rural-Madla union, Bogra; Urban-Thanthania, Bogra;	Cross-sectional study	420	Non-pregnant, non-smoker, non-TB women aged 15 years or older having regular or daily cooking practice for at least 3 years	COPD	Chronic bronchitis- 8.0%; Severe bronchial obstruction based on PEFR-80.8%	Chronic bronchitis Biomass users-6.7 LP Gas users-1.5 Bronchial obstruction Biomass users mild-12.9 moderate-31.2 severe-55.4 Gas users mild-28.6 moderate-37.8 severe-29.1	Biomass user Chronic bronchitis OR: 5.94 95% CI, 1.02–34.45 p = 0.047 Severe bronchial obstruction OR: 4.54 95% CI, 2.10–9.82 p = 0.001
Mahfuz et al., 2014 [21]	Two major routes of Dhaka city (Mirpur to Mohakhali; Gabtoli to Mohakhali)	Cross-sectional	108	Helpers of human haulers having >6 months employment history in this position	Obstructive Pulmonary Impairment (reduced FEV₁/FVC)	41.7	Not mentioned	Smoking OR: 3.62 95% CI, 1.87-4.67 Employment more than 24 months OR: 6.89 95% CI, 3.42-8.41
Biswas et al., 2016 [22]	Rural Chittagong	Cross- sectional observational study	276	Women >40 years	COPD	20.4	Age-specific 40-49 y- 9.8 50-59 y- 29.4 60-69 y- 51.0 >70 y- 9.8 Biomass user Biomass users- 16.4 Natural gas users-4 Life time smoking history Present - 6.4 Absent - 14.01 Tobacco chewing habit Present - 16.0 Absent - 4.4 Nature of kitchen Open -14.3 Closed - 23.9 Type of stove Outdoor -1.2 Indoor - 19.2 Seasonal variation in cooking Seasonal- 12.3 Always-23.7	Biomass fuel user OR: 3.4 95% CI, 1.6-7.14 p = 0.02 Tobacco chewing habit OR: 12.9 95% CI, 3.4-49.4 p = 0.001
Islam et al., 2013 [24]	Urban (Dhaka city)	Cross-sectional population-based survey	900	Male and female of age >35 years	COPD	11.4 (GOLD criteria)	Sex Male-11.7 Female- 10.6 Socio-economic status High-9.8 Low- 13.6	Increased age: p < 0.001) Male: p < 0.05 Smoker: p < 0.001 Low BMI: p < 0.05 Low SES: p < 0.05