Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, by child ethnicity
| Characteristics | MA (%) | DA (%) | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | 55.2 | 44.8 | |
| Child’s skin color | 191.61*** | ||
| Honorary white | 26.5 | 48.7 | |
| Moderately dark | 73.5 | 21.8 | |
| Collective black | 0 | 29.5 | |
| Child’s immigration status | 37.58*** | ||
| US-born | 97.5 | 85.2 | |
| Immigrant | 2.5 | 14.8 | |
| Mother’s immigration status | 51.28*** | ||
| US-born | 1.5 | 15.6 | |
| Immigrant | 98.5 | 84.4 | |
| Maternal education level | 101.03*** | ||
| Less than high school | 59.9 | 23.1 | |
| High-school or above | 40.1 | 76.9 | |
| Household composition | 67.03*** | ||
| Single-parent household | 13.0 | 39.2 | |
| Two-parent household | 87.0 | 60.8 | |
| Household income-to-needs ratio | 57.25*** | ||
| In poverty | 82.1 | 56.0 | |
| Not in poverty | 17.9 | 44.0 |
Note.
***
p < .001