Table 2.
School readiness and academic achievement by child gender, ethnicity and skin color
| Characteristics | SEL School Readiness | Academic school readiness | Academic achievement | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adaptive behavior | Aggression | |||||||||
| Teacher-rated T score (SD) |
Mother-rated T score (SD) |
Teacher-rated | Mother-rated | Total score | Potential delay (%) | Total score | At-risk (%) | |||
| T score | At-risk (%) | T score | At-risk (%) | |||||||
| MA Boys a | ||||||||||
| Honorary white | 46.85* (8.75) |
45.89 (9.09) |
46.04 (6.56) |
6.4 | 45.62 (7.80) |
4.3 | 21.64 (6.96) |
34.0 | 100.37* (12.26) |
8.6 |
| Moderately dark | 43.76* (8.15) |
46.72 (10.09) |
47.07 (8.48) |
8.8 | 46.36 (8.16) |
8.0 | 20.09 (7.18) |
39.0 | 95.26* (13.16) |
17.3 |
| MA Girls b | ||||||||||
| Honorary white | 45.78 (9.32) |
47.29 (9.92) |
45.19 (5.16) |
3.7 | 46.37 (8.52) |
6.8 | 20.68 (7.22) |
30.5 | 95.68 (13.51) |
19.1 |
| Moderately dark | 45.01 (9.50) |
47.62 (9.07) |
45.30 (6.99) |
5.8 | 45.41 (7.80) |
4.1 | 20.01 (7.42) |
37.2 | 95.62 (12.31) |
15.8 |
| DA Boys c | ||||||||||
| Honorary white | 46.83 (9.90) |
51.16 (8.97) |
49.18 (10.98) |
10.9 | 47.68 (9.32) |
12.7 | 23.42 (6.93) |
26.3 | 97.53 (18.82) |
30.2 |
| Moderately dark | 45.56 (7.60) |
51.48 (9.71) |
47.24 (6.59) |
8.1 | 48.18 (11.74) |
10.0 | 24.05 (7.71) |
24.4 | 97.21 (16.71) |
24.2 |
| Collective black | 43.93 (9.51) |
48.51 (10.23) |
49.49 (8.12) |
14.0 | 48.84 (9.42) |
9.3 | 21.41 (7.75) |
27.3 | 89.82 (13.71) |
36.4 |
| DA Girls d | ||||||||||
| Honorary white | 48.58 (9.97) |
53.95 (8.75) |
47.22 (8.00) |
9.6 | 45.44 (7.66) |
5.3 | 25.37 (6.78) |
15.8 | 100.10 (15.77) |
14.5 |
| Moderately dark | 49.17 (8.33) |
54.94 (9.08) |
46.53 (5.48) |
3.3 | 46.31 (7.85) |
11.4 | 23.75 (6.45) |
16.7 | 96.82 (10.14) |
10.7 |
| Collective black | 48.86 (10.36) |
54.58 (8.34) |
47.52 (8.53) |
13.8 | 47.58 (11.78) |
9.1 | 23.73 (6.27) |
18.2 | 96.95 (15.22) |
19.0 |
Note.
a
n = 139 to 188;
b
n = 161 to 207;
c
n = 98 to 142;
d
n = 111 to 145;
Adaptive behaviors and aggression were measured by the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2); Academic school readiness was measured by the abbreviated version of the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-Third edition (Speed DIAL-3) at baseline; Academic achievement was measured by the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Second Edition, Brief Form (KTEA-II) at the end of first grade. Because a full information procedure (FIML) estimates parameters for missing data based on all available data instead of imputing, the number of cases differs.;
*
p < .05