Table 5.
Results for Binary Outcomes From Propensity-Score–Adjusted Analyses Using Different Combinations of Confounding Adjustment Methods and Data-Sharing Approaches to Compare Non–Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitors With Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitors (Empirical Example 2)a
| Confounding Adjustment Method and Data-Sharing Approach | Effectiveness Outcome (Treatment Switching)b | Safety Outcome (Serious Infections)c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Stratification | ||||
| Pooled individual-level | 0.52 | 0.34, 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.46, 1.86 |
| Risk-set | 0.52 | 0.34, 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.46, 1.86 |
| Summary-table | 0.52 | 0.34, 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.46, 1.86 |
| Effect-estimate, fixed-effect | 0.54 | 0.36, 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.56, 2.03 |
| Effect-estimate, random-effects | 0.53 | 0.32, 0.86 | 1.03 | 0.56, 2.03 |
| Heterogeneity (Qd) and P value | 2.23 | 0.3268 | 0.78 | 0.6741 |
| Matching | ||||
| Pooled individual-level | 0.47 | 0.30, 0.73 | 1.07 | 0.46, 2.37 |
| Risk-set | 0.47 | 0.30, 0.73 | 1.07 | 0.46, 2.37 |
| Summary-table | 0.47 | 0.30, 0.73 | 1.07 | 0.46, 2.37 |
| Effect-estimate, fixed-effect | 0.47 | 0.31, 0.72 | 1.23 | 0.58, 2.64 |
| Effect-estimate, random-effects | 0.47 | 0.31, 0.72 | 1.23 | 0.58, 2.64 |
| Heterogeneity (Q) and P value | 0.55 | 0.7589 | 0.03 | 0.9820 |
| Inverse probability weighting | ||||
| Pooled individual-level | 0.36 | 0.23, 0.57 | 2.88 | 1.97, 4.21 |
| Risk-set | 0.36 | 0.23, 0.57 | 3.11 | 2.12, 4.55 |
| Effect-estimate, fixed-effect | 0.39 | 0.25, 0.61 | 3.17 | 2.16, 4.65 |
| Effect-estimate, random-effects | 0.45 | 0.18, 1.09 | 3.17 | 2.16, 4.65 |
| Heterogeneity (Q) and P value | 4.62 | 0.0992 | 0.85 | 0.6531 |
| Matching weighting | ||||
| Pooled individual-level | 0.51 | 0.32, 0.81 | 0.89 | 0.39, 2.04 |
| Risk-set | 0.51 | 0.32, 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.41, 2.19 |
| Effect-estimate, fixed-effect | 0.51 | 0.32, 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.40, 2.17 |
| Effect-estimate, random-effects | 0.51 | 0.32, 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.40, 2.17 |
| Heterogeneity (Q) and P value | 1.30 | 0.5213 | 0.42 | 0.8105 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; TNFi, tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor.
a There were 407 (5.2%) patients who initiated use of non-TNFi biologicals and 7,419 (94.8%) patients who initiated use of TNFi biologicals.
b The incidence of treatment switching was 7.6% in new users of non-TNFi biologicals and 11.2% in new users of TNFi biologicals.
c The incidences of serious infection were 2.9% in new users of non-TNFi biologicals and 3.1% in new users of TNFi biologicals.
dQ is a measure of heterogeneity among the 3 data-contributing sites. The summary statistic and P value from Cochran’s Q test are shown.