TABLE 1.
Maternal, household and infant characteristics of SHINE exclusive breastfeeding data sets at 1 and 3 mo and Z-DHS_2015 data set of rural infants younger than 6 mo1
| 2015 Z-DHS | SHINE 1-mo data | P value vs. 2015 Z-DHS | SHINE 3-mo data | P value vs. 2015 Z-DHS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Age, y, mean ± SD (n) | 25.6 ± 6.8 (398) | 26.77 ± 6.64 (2303) | 0.001 | 26.5 ± 6.7 (2579) | 0.014 |
| Height, cm, mean ± SD (n) | 159.4 ± 6.2 (389) | 160.2 ± 5.92 (2352) | 0.038 | 160.2 ± 5.9 (2627) | 0.037 |
| Completed schooling, y, median (IQR) (n) | 9 (7, 11) (398) | 10 (9, 11) (2309) | <0.001 | 10 (9, 11) (2587) | <0.001 |
| Parity median (IQR) (n) | 2 (1, 4) (398) | 2 (1, 3) (1711) | <0.001 | 2 (1, 3) (2034) | <0.001 |
| Marital status, % married/cohabitating (n) | 84.2% (335) | 95.4% (2189) | <0.001 | 95.9% (2466) | <0.001 |
| Employment status, % yes (n) | 18.1% (72) | 8.5% (197) | 0.027 | 9.0% (230) | 0.031 |
| Believes that being beaten by intimate partner is sometimes justified2, % yes (n) | 40.7% (162) | 61.4% (1416) | <0.001 | 61.5% (1575) | <0.001 |
| HIV status, % positive (n) | 13.6% (50) | 15.8% (382) | <0.001 | 14.5% (391) | <0.001 |
| Religion, % (n) | |||||
| Apostolic | 54.5% (217) | 47.3% (1024) | 45.9% (1188) | ||
| Other Christian religion | 36.7% (146) | 44.3% (1024) | 0.015 | 47.2% (1222) | <0.001 |
| Other religion | 8.8% (35) | 8.4% (195) | 6.9% (179) | ||
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Electricity, % yes (n) | 8.3% (33) | 2.5% (57) | 0.207 | 2.7% (68) | 0.204 |
| Any latrine, % yes (n) | 55.3% (220) | 39.9% (907) | <0.001 | 41.6% (1051) | <0.001 |
| Improved floor, % yes (n) | 51.3% (204) | 54.6% (1246) | 0.381 | 55.9% (1414) | 0.217 |
| Improved roof, % yes (n) | 53.7% (200) | 11.3% (276) | <0.001 | 11.3% (305) | <0.001 |
| Time to drinking-water, min, median (IQR) (n) | 20 (5, 30) (371) | 10 (5, 20) (2274) | <0.001 | 10 (5, 20) (2532) | <0.001 |
| Infant characteristics | |||||
| Sex, % female (n) | 49.0% (195) | 49.8% (1216) | 0.836 | 49.6% (1354) | 0.876 |
| Infant birth weight, g, mean ± SD (n) | 3083.6 ± 527.1 (354) | 3085.7 ± 467.0 (1860) | 0.944 | 3088.4 ± 481.93 (2201) | 0.872 |
| Delivery place, % institution (n) | 83.9% (334) | 88.3% (2080) | 0.023 | 89.3% (2272) | 0.004 |
| Mode of delivery, % cesarean section (n) | 4.8% (19) | 6.9% (162) | 0.729 | 6.8% (177) | 0.066 |
1SHINE, Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy study; Z-DHS, Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey.
2The 2015 Z-DHS assessed maternal attitude toward intimate partner violence with this question: “In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife in the following situations: if she goes out without telling him; neglects the children; argues with him; refuses to have sex with him; burns the food; commits infidelity?” The SHINE survey assessed this by asking women to give a response (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) to this statement: “A woman must accept that her husband or partner beats her, in order to keep the family together.” In the merged data set, we created a dichotomous variable, classifying a mother as believing domestic violence may be justifiable if she replied “yes” to any of the 6 circumstances in Z-DHS or if she replied “strongly agree” or “agree” in SHINE.