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. 2018 Sep 19;9(2):220–236. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.007

Figure 1.

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of cold-activated thermogenesis. Sympathetic nerve is activated in response to cold exposure to release noradrenaline. Noradrenaline binds to the β3-AR on brown and beige cells to initiate signaling cascades for triglycerides hydrolysis and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. In response to PKA activation, CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) recruits PGC-1α to facilitate RXR heterodimerization, which then interacts with nuclear receptors, like PPARs and LXR, to enhance UCP1 gene transcription. Then, UCP1 dispersed the released fatty acids to generate heat.