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. 2019 Mar 28;9:5296. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41777-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Semi-quantitative measurements and comparisons of airway smooth muscle layers. (A) Schematic illustration for average smooth muscle (SM, red) thickness and SM area. The mucous epithelial layer is marked as green. The mucous membrane length (L, shown as a double arrow line) was used for normalization. (B) Sum smooth muscle area normalized by mucous membrane length shown as a dot plot, with the bars indicating mean ± se. (C) Average smooth muscle layer thickness measurement shown as a dot plot, with mean ± se. (B,C) Comparisons were performed between cystic airways of type 2 CPAM samples (n = 13) and normal bronchioles in control lungs (Ctrl, n = 7) using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. *P < 0.05.