Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and MRI characteristics of the whole VMCI patient study sample and of the four cognitive phenotypes.
| Whole VMCI sample (n = 110) | Amnestic/single-domain ASD (n = 9) | Amnesti/multi-domain AMD (n = 76) | Non-amnestic/single-domain NASD (n = 10) | Non-amnestic/multi-domain NAMD (n = 15) | p-Value (group comparisons) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 74.3 ± 6.6 | 74.2 ± 6.5 | 74.4 ± 6.7 | 72 ± 7.2 | 75.5 ± 6.2 | 0.63 |
| Sex (male/female) | 60/50 | 7/2 | 39/37 | 6/4 | 8/7 | 0.48 |
| Education, years | 8.3 ± 4.2 | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 8.4 ± 4.4 | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 7.6 ± 4.05 | 0.85 |
| Vascular risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension (y/n) | 87/23 | 4/5 | 64/12 | 7/3 | 12/3 | 0.04 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (y/n) | 66/44 | 6/3 | 45/31 | 6/4 | 9/6 | 0.98 |
| Hypertrigliceridemia (y/n) | 25/85 | 1/8 | 17/59 | 4/6 | 3/12 | 0.48 |
| Diabetes (y/n) | 17/93 | 0/9 | 17/59 | 0/10 | 0/15 | 0.03 |
| Smoking (y/n) | 52/58 | 4/5 | 34/42 | 6/4 | 8/7 | 0.77 |
| History of stroke (y/n) | 33/77 | 3/6 | 21/55 | 5/5 | 4/11 | 0.52 |
| Alcohol consumption (y/n) | 33/77 | 3/6 | 22/54 | 1/9 | 7/8 | 0.26 |
| Physical activity (y/n) | 30/80 | 3/6 | 20/56 | 4/6 | 3/12 | 0.70 |
| Global cognition | ||||||
| MMSE (range 0–30)⁎ | 27.2 ± 2.7 | 27.8 ± 2.2 | 27.1 ± 2.8 | 27.2 ± 2.8 | 27.5 ± 2.8 | 0.86 |
| MoCA (range 0–30)⁎ | 21.2 ± 4.4 | 21 ± 2.1 | 21.4 ± 4.6 | 20 ± 4.4 | 21.3 ± 4.2 | 0.85 |
| Memory | ||||||
| RAVL immediate recall (range 0–75)⁎ | 32.4 ± 8.6 | 35.5 ± 6.6 | 32.2 ± 8.7 | 30.5 ± 7.5 | 32.9 ± 10.4 | 0.63 |
| RAVL delayed recall (range 0–15)⁎ | 6.1 ± 2.8 | 6.8 ± 2.7 | 6 ± 2.9 | 6 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 3 | 0.90 |
| Short Story (range 0–28)⁎ | 11.7 ± 4.1 | 10.8 ± 3 | 11.8 ± 4 | 10.7 ± 3.9 | 12.4 ± 5.5 | 0.70 |
| ROCF recall (range 0–36)⁎ | 12 ± 5.6 | 12.5 ± 3.7 | 12.3 ± 6 | 9.6 ± 3.7 | 11.6 ± 4.7 | 0.58 |
| Attention and executive functions | ||||||
| TMT-A (time to complete, secs)⁎⁎ | 67.3 ± 50.1 | 62.3 ± 32 | 67.2 ± 53.9 | 81.4 ± 45.5 | 63.5 ± 44.8 | 0.85 |
| Visual Search (range 0–50)⁎ | 31.8 ± 9 | 40.3 ± 5.6 | 30.3 ± 8.8 | 33.4 ± 12.8 | 32.8 ± 5.4 | 0.01 (AMD < ASD, p = .008) |
| SDMT (correct answers in 90 s)⁎ | 34.4 ± 10.4 | 33.3 ± 6.3 | 34.8 ± 10.4 | 30 ± 8.7 | 35.4 ± 13.5 | 0.56 |
| Stroop test (time to complete, secs)⁎⁎ | 36.6 ± 31.2 | 17.3 ± 7 | 40.2 ± 35 | 25.2 ± 11 | 37 ± 23.3 | 0.12 |
| TMT-B (time to complete, secs)⁎⁎ | 104.4 ± 60 | 114.8 ± 71 | 104.4 ± 60 | 121 ± 82.3 | 88.3 ± 41 | 0.84 |
| Language | ||||||
| Phonemic verbal fluency (words in 3 mins)⁎ | 28.1 ± 9.6 | 35.5 ± 9.3 | 26.4 ± 9.4 | 35 ± 7.6 | 27.8 ± 8.16 | 0.004 (ASD > AMD, p = .0028; NASD>AMD, p = .029) |
| Semantic verbal fluency (words in 3 mins)⁎ | 34.3 ± 7.7 | 38.3 ± 6.1 | 33 ± 8 | 39 ± 6.6 | 35 ± 6.4 | 0.03 (no sign. at post-hoc analysis) |
| Constructional praxis | ||||||
| ROCF copy (range 0–36)⁎ | 23.8 ± 9.1 | 26.7 ± 4.5 | 23.7 ± 9.3 | 19 ± 12.4 | 25.1 ± 7.6 | 0.28 |
| MRI source | ||||||
| Centers | 0.24 | |||||
| 1 | 75 | 7 | 55 | 3 | 10 | |
| 2 | 19 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 3 | |
| 3 | 16 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 2 | |
| Field strength | 0.22 | |||||
| 1.5 T | 91 | 8 | 65 | 6 | 12 | |
| 3.0 T | 19 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 3 | |
| LV (median [interquartile range]),^ cm3 | 25.3 [15.9–39 cm3] | 19 [15.7–32.3 cm3] | 25.3 [16.2–38.8 cm3] | 26.4 [20.7–32.3 cm3] | 31.49 [14.5–59 cm3] | 0.87 |
All cognitive test were corrected by age and education.
⁎
Higher scores correspond to better performance.
⁎⁎
Lower scores correspond to a better performance.
^
in native space.