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. 2019 Mar 27;21(4):413–427. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.03.003

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Schematic model of LOXL2 promoting lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. In tumor microenvironment, LOXL2 induces lymphangiogenesis directly and indirectly. 1) Tumor-derived LOXL2 induces LECs invasion and tube formation directly via activation of the Akt and Erk signaling pathways; Further, LOXL2 increases VEGFR3 expression through enhancing the pAKT-Snail pathway. 2) In addition, tumor-derived LOXL2 actives tumor stroma fibroblasts to secrete VEGF-C and SDF-1α through enhancing HIF-1α expression, then these factors assist lymphangiogenesis in primary tumors. ECM: extracellular matrix. The design of this schematic model refers to several articles [42], [50].