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. 2019 Mar 22;7:146. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00146

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Copyright © 2019 Song, Ma, Zhang, He and Waite.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of the contribution of membrane adsorption to NO₃-N removal in FCDI: (A) Change of the effluent NO₃-N concentration and (B) mass balance of NO₃-N removal. The red lines indicate the results of pseudo-first-order kinetic modeling. The system was operated in single-pass mode at i = 0 A m⁻². Experimental conditions: influent NO₃-N concentration = 10 mg L⁻¹ and HRT = 0.98 min.