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. 2019 Mar 22;7:146. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00146

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Copyright © 2019 Song, Ma, Zhang, He and Waite.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of X_IEM, X_free, and X_carbon in nitrate removal in FCDI. (A) Change of voltage and treatment efficiency and (B) mass balance of nitrate removed with the electrolyte in flow electrode consisting of 1,000 mg NaCl L⁻¹. (C) Change of voltage and treatment efficiency and (D) mass balance of nitrate removed with the electrolyte in flow electrode consisting of 100 mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ and 1,000 mg NaCl L⁻¹. Experimental conditions: influent NO₃-N concentration = 10 mg L⁻¹, single-pass, HRT = 0.98 min, and i = 18.6 A m⁻².