Table 3. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of the Association Between DPP-4 Inhibitors and the Development of Bullous Pemphigoid in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.
| Drug, Patient Group | No. (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI)a | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | P Value | ||
| All DPP-4 inhibitors | |||||
| Patients | 260 (38.9) | 1.61 (1.28-2.03) | <.001 | 1.58 (1.25-2.00) | <.001 |
| Controls | 188 (28.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Vildagliptin | |||||
| Patients | 118 (17.6) | 1.84 (1.34-2.54) | <.001 | 1.81 (1.31-2.50) | <.001 |
| Controls | 71 (10.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Sitagliptin | |||||
| Patients | 89 (13.3) | 1.68 (1.18-2.39) | .004 | 1.70 (1.19-2.43) | .004 |
| Controls | 57 (8.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Linagliptin | |||||
| Patients | 90 (13.4) | 1.64 (1.16-2.32) | .006 | 1.64 (1.15-2.33) | .006 |
| Controls | 58 (8.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Others | |||||
| Patients | 34 (5.1) | 1.38 (0.81-2.34) | .23 | 1.25 (0.73-2.14) | .41 |
| Controls | 25 (3.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
Abbreviations: DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
The ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using univariate logistic regression analysis.
b
The ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for neurologic, malignant, and psychological comorbid disorders and receipt of spironolactone and psycholeptics.