Figure 2. Difference Between Fentanyl and Ketamine Groups in Mean Pain Reduction and Possible Treatment Differences for Noninferiority Trials.

Results of a 1-sided t test demonstrating pain reduction with ketamine is noninferior to pain reduction with fentanyl. Lower tail P values were calculated to test whether ketamine is noninferior to fentanyl with a noninferiority margin (NIM) of 10. Noninferiority is indicated by CIs that cross 0 but do not cross the NIM and by P < .05. Ketamine is not superior to fentanyl at any time because all CIs cross 0. Reprtined with permission from JAMA.³⁵