Table 1.
Genes whose transgenesis in mice increases endurance capacity.
| Gene symbol | Protein name | Transgenesis | Output measure | Increase (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pck1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cytosolic | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance |
+68% +1800%* |
Hakimi et al., 2007 |
| Scd1 | Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion (run) Time to exhaustion (swim) Distance |
+989% +35% +170% |
Rogowski et al., 2013 |
| Trib3 | Tribbles pseudokinase 3 | Conditional overexpression |
Total work | +138% | An et al., 2014 |
| Ppargc1a | Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion #1 Distance Max speed |
+38–44.9% +50–120%* +24–34% |
Calvo et al., 2008 |
| Il15 | Interleukin 15 | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion | +110%* | Quinn et al., 2013 |
| Nr4a3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance |
+85%* +100%* |
Pearen et al., 2012 |
| Ppargc1a (b isoform) | Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance Max speed |
+36–40% +83-100% +35-40% |
Tadaishi et al., 2011 |
| Thra | Thyroid hormone receptor alpha (mitochondrial T3 receptor) | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+65* +95%* |
Pessemesse et al., 2012 |
| Mef2c | Myocyte enhancer factor 2C | Gain-of-function | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+75% +94% |
Potthoff et al., 2007 |
| Ppard | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance |
+67% +92% |
Wang et al., 2004 |
| Bdkrb2 | Bradykinin receptor, beta 2 | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion | +90%* | Reis et al., 2015 |
| Thbs1 | Thrombospondin 1 | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance Max speed |
+67% +80% +11% |
Malek and Olfert, 2009 |
| Cd47 | CD47 antigen (Rh-related antigen, integrin-associated signal transducer) | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion | +80%* | Frazier et al., 2011 |
| Myoz1 | Myozenin 1 | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+55%* +75%* |
Frey et al., 2008 |
| Trpv1 | Ransient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 | Global overexpression | Distance | +80%* | Luo et al., 2012 |
| Slc5a7 | Solute carrier family 5 (choline transporter), member 7 | Global overexpression | Time to exhaustion Max speed |
+ 65% + 10%* |
Holmstrand et al., 2014 |
| Adrb2 | Adrenoceptor beta 2 | Global knock out | Distance | +65%* | Voltarelli et al., 2012 |
| Adcy8 | Adenylate cyclase 8 | Conditional overexpression |
Distance | +50%* | Esposito et al., 2008 |
| Tnfsf12 | Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12 | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+27% +47% |
Sato et al., 2013 |
| Ppargc1b | Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 beta | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance |
+25% +45% |
Arany et al., 2007 |
| Tfeb | Transcription factor EB | Inducible conditional overexpression |
Distance | +40%* | Mansueto et al., 2017 |
| Crym | Crystallin, mu | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion | +35%* | Seko et al., 2016 |
| Pknox1 | Pbx/knotted 1 homeobox | Conditional knock out | Distance | +35% | Kanzleiter et al., 2014 |
| Actn3 | Actinin alpha 3 | Global knock out | Distance | +33% | MacArthur et al., 2007 |
| Ppp3ca | Calcineurin; protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isoform | Conditional overexpression |
Distance | +33% | Jiang et al., 2010 |
| Pappa | Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; pappalysin 1 | Global knock out | Distance (median) | +33% | Conover et al., 2016 |
| Hif1a | Hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha | Conditional knock out | Time to exhaustion (swim) Time to exhaustion (uphill) |
+30%* +20%* |
Mason et al., 2004 |
| Adcy5 | Adenylate cyclase 5 | Conditional overexpression |
Distance | +30%* | Esposito et al., 2008 |
| Hk2 | Hexokinase 2 | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion | +30%* | Fueger et al., 2005 |
| Tfe3 | Transcription factor to IGHM enhancer 3 (transcription factor E3) | Conditional overexpression |
Time to exhaustion Distance |
+16% +27% |
Iwasaki et al., 2012 |
| Pten | Phosphatase and tensin homolog | Conditional knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+10% +15–20% |
Yue et al., 2016 |
| Sirt4 | Sirtuin 4 | Global knock out | Time to exhaustion Distance |
+20% +20% |
Laurent et al., 2013 |