Table 2. Factors Associated With Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease.
| Variablea | MI (n = 683) | Type 1 MI (n = 415) | Type 2 MI (n = 267) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | HR (95% CI) | P Value | χ2 | HR (95% CI) | P Value | χ2 | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| North America vs Europe | 33.0 | 1.72 (1.43-2.07) | <.001 | 10.2 | 1.47 (1.16-1.85) | .001 | 35.8 | 2.58 (1.89-3.52) | <.001 |
| Central America vs Europe | 22.6 | 0.36 (0.24-0.55) | <.001 | 13.4 | 0.39 (0.23-0.64) | <.001 | 9.8 | 0.27 (0.12-0.61) | .002 |
| Diabetes | 22.0 | 1.48 (1.26-1.74) | <.001 | 22.7 | 1.65 (1.34-2.02) | <.001 | 14.7 | 1.65 (1.28-2.14) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 20.4 | 1.48 (1.25-1.76) | <.001 | 19.0 | 1.61 (1.30-1.99) | <.001 | 15.3 | 1.72 (1.31-2.26) | <.001 |
| Ageb | 16.8 | 1.12 (1.06-1.18) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | 20.7 | 1.22 (1.12-1.32) | <.001 |
| Prior PCI | 16.0 | 1.49 (1.23-1.81) | <.001 | 15.9 | 1.64 (1.29-2.10) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| Prior MI | 13.8 | 1.46 (1.20-1.78) | <.001 | 20.2 | 1.75 (1.37-2.23) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| Inclusion criteria: prior revascularization vs ABI/TBI | 10.9 | 1.36 (1.13-1.64) | .001 | 6.2 | 1.34 (1.06-1.70) | .01 | 5.7 | 1.43 (1.07-1.91) | .02 |
| Carotid revascularization or stenosis | 10.2 | 1.33 (1.12-1.58) | .001 | 7.5 | 1.36 (1.09-1.70) | .006 | 6.4 | 1.42 (1.08-1.86) | .01 |
| Severe claudication vs asymptomatic | 7.3 | 1.41 (1.10-1.81) | .007 | 8.7 | 1.62 (1.18-2.23) | .003 | 3.7 | 1.49 (0.99-2.24) | .05 |
| Current tobacco use vs never | 6.0 | 1.37 (1.06-1.76) | .01 | 3.5 | 1.34 (0.99-1.81) | .06 | NA | NA | NA |
| Prior minor amputation | 5.8 | 1.54 (1.09-2.20) | .02 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Prior CABG | 5.3 | 1.28 (1.04-1.57) | .02 | 3.5 | 1.28 (0.99-1.65) | .06 | NA | NA | NA |
| β-Blockers within 30 d prior | 5.0 | 1.22 (1.02-1.46) | .03 | NA | NA | NA | 7.6 | 1.46 (1.12-1.92) | .006 |
| Prior angiotensin receptor blocker | 4.5 | 1.21 (1.02-1.43) | .03 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Female vs male | 4.2 | 0.82 (0.68-0.99) | .04 | NA | NA | NA | 9.2 | 0.60 (0.43-0.83) | .002 |
| Pain while at rest vs asymptomatic | 3.5 | 1.54 (0.98-2.42) | .06 | <1.0 | 1.14 (0.58-2.26) | .71 | 8.2 | 2.42 (1.32-4.43) | .004 |
| Prior TIA | 3.4 | 1.33 (0.98-1.81) | .07 | NA | NA | NA | 4.1 | 1.60 (1.02-2.51) | .04 |
| Minor tissue loss vs asymptomatic | 2.6 | 1.66 (0.89-3.08) | .11 | <1.0 | 1.38 (0.58-3.30) | .46 | 3.4 | 2.32 (0.95-5.63) | .06 |
| Major tissue loss vs asymptomatic | 1.1 | 1.90 (0.58-6.25) | .29 | <1.0 | 1.13 (0.15-8.27) | .91 | 3.3 | 3.80 (0.90-16.0) | .07 |
| Mild or moderate claudication vs asymptomatic | <1.0 | 1.12 (0.89-1.40) | .33 | 1.5 | 1.20 (0.90-1.61) | .22 | 1.0 | 1.21 (0.84-1.74) | .31 |
| Former tobacco use vs never | <1.0 | 1.05 (0.83-1.32) | .68 | <1.0 | 1.02 (0.76-1.36) | .91 | NA | NA | NA |
| Asia vs Europe | <1.0 | 1.04 (0.78-1.38) | .79 | 1.3 | 1.22 (0.87-1.71) | .25 | <1.0 | 0.91 (0.54-1.53) | .73 |
| Prior CHF | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10.4 | 1.65 (1.22-2.24) | .001 |
| Weightb | |||||||||
| <80 kg | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.9 | 0.91 (0.83-0.99) | .03 |
| >80 kg | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | <1.0 | 1.01 (0.94-1.08) | .79 |
Abbreviations: ABI, ankle-brachial index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHF, congestive heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TBI, toe-brachial index; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Ordered by decreasing χ2 value for MI. For variables not selected as a predictor, no value is provided.
b
Age and weight were included as continuous variables in the model and shown per 5-year or 5-kg increase, respectively.