Table 2. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Cases and Controls, Overall and Stratified by HIV Status.
| Characteristic | All Participants (N = 25 392) | Uninfected Participants (n = 10 486) | PLWH (n = 14 906) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 21 146) | Cases (n = 4246) | Controls (n = 8710) | Cases (n = 1776) | P Value | Controls (n = 12 436) | Cases (n = 2470) | P Value | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55 (10) | 55 (10) | 59 (10) | 59 (10) | .41 | 52 (9) | 52 (9) | .70 |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 20 917 (98.9) | 4199 (98.9) | 8652 (99.3) | 1764 (99.3) | .96 | 12 265 (98.6) | 2435 (98.6) | .87 |
| Female | 229 (1.1) | 47 (1.1) | 58 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | 171 (1.4) | 35 (1.4) | ||
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||||||
| White | 7881 (37.3) | 1587 (37.4) | 3723 (42.7) | 762 (42.9) | .96 | 4158 (33.4) | 825 (33.4) | .30 |
| Black | 11 317 (53.5) | 2265 (53.3) | 4235 (48.6) | 857 (48.3) | 7082 (56.9) | 1408 (57.0) | ||
| Hispanic | 1573 (7.3) | 330 (7.8) | 651 (7.5) | 134 (7.5) | 922 (7.4) | 196 (7.9) | ||
| Other | 375 (1.8) | 64 (1.5) | 101 (1.2) | 23 (1.3) | 274 (2.2) | 41 (1.6) | ||
| HIV infection, No. (%) | 12 436 (58.8) | 2470 (58.2) | ||||||
| Hepatitis C, No. (%)a | 6628 (31.3) | 1689 (39.8) | 1412 (16.2) | 408 (23.0) | <.001 | 5216 (41.9) | 1281 (51.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, No. (%)a | 3904 (18.5) | 1029 (24.2) | 2348 (27.0) | 645 (36.3) | <.001 | 1556 (12.5) | 384 (15.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, No. (%)a | 2095 (9.9) | 852 (20.1) | 1061 (12.2) | 433 (24.4) | <.001 | 1034 (8.3) | 419 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure, No. (%)a | 600 (2.8) | 365 (8.6) | 392 (4.5) | 222 (12.5) | <.001 | 208 (1.7) | 143 (5.8) | <.001 |
| Stroke, No. (%)a | 428 (2.0) | 183 (4.3) | 255 (2.9) | 118 (6.6) | <.001 | 173 (1.4) | 65 (2.6) | <.001 |
| Pain-related diagnosis, No. (%)a | ||||||||
| Acute | 1050 (5.0) | 359 (8.4) | 407 (4.7) | 144 (8.1) | <.001 | 643 (5.2) | 215 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Chronic | 6214 (29.4) | 1450 (34.1) | 3347 (38) | 724 (40.8) | 2867 (23.1) | 726 (29.4) | ||
| Major depression, No. (%)a | 2020 (9.6) | 552 (13.0) | 740 (8.4) | 221 (12.4) | <.001 | 1280 (10.3) | 331 (13.4) | <.001 |
| Alcohol-related diagnosis, No. (%)a | 2223 (10.5) | 630 (14.8) | 931 (10.7) | 254 (14.3) | <.001 | 1292 (10.4) | 376 (15.2) | <.001 |
| Other drug–related diagnosis, No. (%)a | 1798 (8.5) | 532 (12.5) | 575 (6.6) | 185 (10.4) | <.001 | 1223 (9.8) | 347 (14.0) | <.001 |
| Prior CAP, No. (%)a | 260 (1.2) | 208 (4.9) | 25 (0.3) | 40 (2.3) | <.001 | 235 (1.9) | 168 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Smoking, No. (%)a | ||||||||
| Never | 5565 (26.3) | 709 (16.7) | 2392 (27.5) | 324 (18.2) | .004 | 3173 (25.5) | 385 (15.6) | <.001 |
| Current | 10 924 (51.7) | 2604 (61.3) | 4050 (46.5) | 1006 (56.6) | 6874 (55.3) | 1598 (64.7) | ||
| Former | 3933 (18.6) | 641 (15.1) | 1992 (22.9) | 339 (19.1) | 1941 (15.6) | 302 (12.2) | ||
| Missing | 724 (3.4) | 292 (6.9) | 276 (3.2) | 107 (6.0) | 448 (3.6) | 185 (7.5) | ||
| Long-term benzodiazepine receipt, No. (%)a | 1716 (8.1) | 427 (10.1) | 828 (9.5) | 209 (11.8) | <.001 | 888 (7.1) | 218 (8.8) | .004 |
| Prescribed corticosteroids, No. (%)a | ||||||||
| Current oral | 306 (1.4) | 267 (6.3) | 162 (1.9) | 147 (8.3) | <.001 | 144 (1.2) | 120 (4.9) | <.001 |
| Prior oral | 788 (3.7) | 440 (10.4) | 397 (4.6) | 210 (11.8) | <.001 | 391 (3.1) | 230 (9.3) | <.001 |
| Current inhaled | 532 (2.5) | 294 (6.9) | 324 (3.7) | 182 (10.2) | <.001 | 208 (1.7) | 112 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Prior inhaled | 770 (3.6) | 394 (9.3) | 456 (5.2) | 245 (13.8) | <.001 | 314 (2.5) | 149 (6.0) | <.001 |
| Influenza vaccine, No. (%)a | 15 829 (74.9) | 3015 (71.0) | 5980 (68.7) | 1248 (70.3) | 0.18 | 9849 (79.2) | 1767 (71.5) | <.001 |
| Pneumococcal (Pneumovax or Prevnar) vaccine, No. (%)a | 13 428 (63.5) | 2642 (62.2) | 4559 (52.3) | 1056 (59.4) | <.001 | 8869 (71.3) | 1586 (64.2) | <.001 |
| Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis, No. (%)b | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 432 (76.6) | 329 (76/9) | .92 |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, No. (%)c | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1879 (83.2) | 845 (82.1) | .42 |
| Prescribed ARV therapy, No. (%)a,d | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10 543 (84.8) | 2017 (81.7) | .001 |
| VACS Index score, median (IQR)a,e | 22 (12-35) | 31 (18-50) | 18 (12-33) | 22 (12-39) | <.001 | 24 (13-39) | 37 (22-58) | <.001 |
| CD4 cell count, median (IQR), cells/mm3a,d | 434 (266-644) | 310 (143-498) | NA | NA | NA | 434 (266-644) | 310 (143-498) | <.001 |
| HIV viral load, median (IQR), copies/mLa,d | 84 (50-2954) | 1057 (59-38 631) | NA | NA | NA | 84 (50-2954) | 1057 (59-38 631) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ARV, antiretroviral; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; PLWH, people living with HIV; VACS, Veterans Aging Cohort Study.
a
Comparison for cases vs controls significant at P < .05 level.
b
Includes PLWH with CD4 cell count of 50 cells/mm3 or less (n = 992).
c
Includes PLWH with CD4 cell count of 200 cells/mm3 or less (n = 3286).
d
Includes PLWH only.
e
Scores greater than 100 indicate a 20% risk of death in the next year, a proxy for severe illness.