Table. Characteristics of the Included Studies.
| Source | Country | Study Design, Participants, Groups, and Sample Size | Setting | Intervention Length, mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belardinelli et al,23 2012 | Italy | Study population: 59 years; chronic heart failure; 22% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 63), control (n = 60) | Community dwellersa | 120.0 |
| Barnett et al,42 2003 | Australia | Study population: 75 years; 67% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 83), control (n = 80) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Bunout et al,25 2005b | Chile | Study population: 75 years; 71% women; 2 groups | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| O’Connor et al,24 2009 | United States/Canada/France | Study population: 59 years; chronic heart failure; 28% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 1159), control (n = 1172) | Community dwellersa | 30.1 |
| Campbell et al,13 1997 | New Zealand | Study population: 84 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 116), control (n = 117) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Dangour et al,31 2011 | Chile | Study population: 66 years, 68% women; 4 groups: nutrition supplement (n = 502), nutrition supplement + exercise (n = 516), exercise (n = 480),c control (n = 504)c | Health centers | 24.0 |
| El-Khoury et al,43 2015 | France | Study population: 80 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 352), control (n = 354) | Community dwellers | 24.0 |
| Galvão et al,45 2014 | Australia/New Zealand | Study population: 72 years; 0% women; prostate cancer; 2 groups: exercise (n = 50), control (n = 50) | Community dwellersa | 12.0 |
| Gianoudis et al,44 2014 | Australia | Study population: 68 years; 73% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 81), control (n = 81) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Hambrecht et al,46 2004 | Germany | Study population: 61 years; 0% women; coronary heart disease; 2 groups: exercise (n = 51), control (n = 50) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Hewitt et al,47 2018 | Australia | Study population: 86 years; 65% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 113), control (n = 108) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Karinkanta et al,48 2007 | Finland | Study population: 73 years; 100% women; 4 groups: exercise (n = 37)d, control (n = 37) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Kemmler et al,34 2010 | Germany | Study population: 69 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 123), control (n = 123) | Community dwellers | 18.0 |
| King et al,49 2002 | United States | Study population: 63 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 51), controls (n = 49) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Kovács et al,50 2013 | Hungary | Study population:78 years; 81% women; MCI; 2 groups: exercise (n = 43), control (n = 43) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Lam et al,51 2012 | Hong Kong | Study population: 78 years; 76% women; MCI; 2 groups: exercise (n = 171), controls (n = 218) | Community dwellers and institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Lam et al,52 2015 | Hong Kong | Study population: 76 years; 39% women; MCI; 4 groups: exercise (n = 147),c cognitive (n = 145), cognitive-physical (n = 132), control (n = 131)c | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Lord et al,53 1995 | Australia | Study population: 72 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 100), control (n = 97) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Lord et al,35 2003 | Australia | Study population: 80 years; 86% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 280), controls (n = 271) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Liu-Ambrose et al,27 2010b | Canada | Study population: 70 years; 100% women; 3 groups: 2 weekly RT sessions (n = 52)c,e, 1 weekly RT session, balance training control (n = 49)c,e | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| MacRae et al,68 1994 | United States | Study population: 71 years; 82% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 49), control (n = 48) | Senior centers | 12.0 |
| Merom et al,36 2016 | Australia | Study population: 78 years; 85% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 279), control (n = 251) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Messier et al,40 2013 | United States | Study population: 66 years; 72% women; 3 groups: exercise only (n = 150), exercise + diet (n = 152)c, diet (n = 152)c | Community dwellers | 18.0 |
| Munro et al,30 2004 | United Kingdom | Study population: 75.4 years; 67% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 2283), control (n = 4137) | Community dwellers | 24.0 |
| Muscari et al,28 2010b | Italy | Study population: 69 years; 52% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 60), control (n = 60) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Mustata et al,41 2011 | Canada | Study population: 68 years; 55% women; chronic kidney disease; 2 groups: exercise (n = 10), controls (n = 10) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Nowalk et al,26 2001b | United States | Study population: 86 years; 85% women; 3 groups: exercise (n = 37),c tai-chi (n = 38), control (n = 35) | Institutionalized | 24.0 |
| Pahor et al,54 2006 | United States | Study population: 77 years; 69% women, 2 groups: exercise (n = 213), control (n = 211) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Pahor et al,10 2014 | United States | Study population: 79 years; 67% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 818), control (n = 817) | Community dwellers | 31.2 |
| Park et al,55 2008 | South Korea | Study population: 68 years; 100% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 25), control (n = 25) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Patil et al,56 2015f | Finland | Study population: 74 years, 100% women; 4 groups: exercise (n = 205), control (n = 204) | Community dwellers | 24.0 |
| Pitkälä et al,57 2013 | Finland | Study population: 78 years; 81% women; Alzheimer disease; 3 groups; home-based (n = 70)g, group-based exercise (n = 70), control (n = 70)g | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Prescott et al,58 2008 | Denmark | Study population: 68 years; 21% women; chronic heart failure; 2 groups: exercise (n = 36), control (n = 30) | Community dwellers | 14.0 |
| Reinsch et al,67 1992 | United States | Study population: 75 years, 80% women; 4 groups: exercisec (n = 57), cognitive (n = 51), exercise + cognitive (n = 72), controls (n = 50)c | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Rejeski et al,38 2017 | United States | Study population: 67 years, 71% women; overweight/obesity; 3 groups: WL+aerobic (n = 86), WL+RT (n = 81)d, controls (n = 82)d | Community dwellers | 18.0 |
| Rolland et al,33 2007 | France | Study population: 83 years; 75% women; Alzheimer disease; 2 groups: exercise (n = 67), controls (n = 67) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Sherrington et al,39 2014 | Australia | Study population: 81 years; 74% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 171), controls (n = 169) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Suzuki et al,29 2012b | Japan | Study population: 76 years; 46% women; MCI; 2 groups: exercise (n = 25), controls (n = 25) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Underwood et al,32 2013 | United Kingdom | Study population: 87 years; 76% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 398), controls (n = 493) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| van Uffelen et al61 2008 | Netherlands | Study population: 75 years; 37% women; MCI; 2 groups: exercise (n = 86), controls (n = 93) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Villareal et al,62 2011 | United States | Study population: 70 years; 63% women; Obese; 4 groups: diet (n = 26), exercise (n = 26)c, diet + exercise (n = 28), controls (n = 27)c | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Von Stengel et al,37 2011 | Germany | Study population: 69 years; 100% women; 3 groups: exercise + whole-body vibration (n = 50), exercise (n = 50)c, controls (n = 51)c | Community dwellers | 18.0 |
| Voukelatos et al,63 2015 | Australia | Study population: 73 years; 74% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 192), controls (n = 194) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Winters-Stone et al,64 2011b | United States | Study population: 62 years; 100% women; breast cancer survivors; 2 groups: exercise (n = 52), controls (n = 54) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
| Wolf et al,65 2003 | United States | Study population 81 years; 86% women; 2 groups: exercise (n = 158), controls (n = 153) | Institutionalized | 12.0 |
| Woo et al,66 2007 | Hong Kong | Study population: 69 years; 50% women; 3 groups: exercise (n = 60),d controls (n = 60), Tai Chi (n = 60) | Community dwellers | 12.0 |
Abbreviations: MCI, mild cognitive impairment; RT, resistance training; WL, weight loss.
a
Study setting was not clearly mentioned in this study. We assume that these are community dwellers.
b
No data available for the quantitative analysis (not usable data or no event occurring in both exercisers and controls), but the articles were included in the qualitative analysis.
c
These study groups were selected for the meta-analyses.
d
We selected the exercise group with the highest attendance.
e
We selected the exercise group with highest frequency.
f
We used data from combined exercise groups (exercise alone and exercise plus vitamin D supplementation) vs combined nonexercise groups (vitamin D supplementation and placebo) because original investigators indicated no interaction was found between the use of vitamin D and exercise.
g
We selected the home-based exercise group instead of the group-base exercise group because the former had higher exercise adherence.