Table 2. Trends in Any Outpatient Mental Health Service Use by Adultsa.
| Variable | Any Outpatient Mental Health Service Use, % | Period Association, OR (95% CI)b | P Value for Interactionc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-2005 | 2009-2010 | 2014-2015 | |||
| Total | 19.08 | 20.44 | 23.00 | 1.25 (1.17-1.34) | NA |
| Age, y | |||||
| 18-39 | 12.42 | 14.03 | 15.75 | 1.32 (1.18-1.49) | 1 [Reference] |
| 40-59 | 22.26 | 22.74 | 24.23 | 1.12 (1.02-1.23) | <.001 |
| ≥60 | 25.74 | 27.32 | 31.67 | 1.36 (1.24-1.50) | .05 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 13.40 | 15.11 | 17.36 | 1.32 (1.21-1.45) | .08 |
| Female | 24.39 | 25.46 | 28.27 | 1.21 (1.12-1.30) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 22.56 | 24.46 | 28.34 | 1.35 (1.26-1.45) | .07 |
| Nonwhite | 11.16 | 11.92 | 13.47 | 1.20 (1.08-1.32) | |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Serious psychological distress | 54.17 | 58.63 | 68.40 | 1.84 (1.53-2.23) | <.001 |
| Less serious or no psychological distress | 17.26 | 18.34 | 21.08 | 1.26 (1.18-1.35) | |
| Less Serious or No Psychological Distress | |||||
| Age, y | |||||
| 18-39 | 11.34 | 12.51 | 14.33 | 1.31 (1.16-1.48) | 1 [Reference] |
| 40-59 | 19.89 | 20.31 | 21.89 | 1.13 (1.03-1.25) | .002 |
| ≥60 | 23.84 | 25.03 | 29.92 | 1.39 (1.26-1.54) | .03 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 11.97 | 13.26 | 15.75 | 1.34 (1.22-1.48) | .04 |
| Female | 22.30 | 23.20 | 26.12 | 1.21 (1.12-1.31) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 20.66 | 22.22 | 26.25 | 1.36 (1.26-1.46) | .34 |
| Nonwhite | 9.31 | 9.97 | 11.79 | 1.26 (1.13-1.39) | |
| Serious Psychological Distress | |||||
| Age, y | |||||
| 18-39 | 39.99 | 48.58 | 61.34 | 2.39 (1.71-3.34) | 1 [Reference] |
| 40-59 | 62.33 | 62.27 | 71.84 | 1.46 (1.13-1.87) | .03 |
| ≥60 | 59.11 | 65.41 | 71.54 | 1.85 (1.35-2.52) | .94 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 47.95 | 52.30 | 60.46 | 1.64 (1.26-2.15) | .29 |
| Female | 58.24 | 63.28 | 73.75 | 1.99 (1.58-2.52) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 60.82 | 64.98 | 75.31 | 1.98 (1.55-2.53) | .38 |
| Nonwhite | 41.60 | 45.49 | 54.85 | 1.71 (1.35-2.17) | |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Data are from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys and are presented as annualized percentages. Serious psychological distress is based on a Kessler 6 scale score of 13 or higher.
b
Period associations represent the age- and sex-adjusted OR of any outpatient mental health service use in 2014-2015 vs 2004-2005 (reference).
c
P values for interaction test whether changes in any outpatient mental health service use differed over time across demographic or psychological distress severity strata.