Table 2. Cancer Association With PCOS by Menopausal Statusa.
| Cancerb | Premenopausal | Postmenopausal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCOS No. | HR (95% CI) | PCOS No. | HR (95% CI) | |
| Primary cancers | 133 | 1.22 (1.03-1.44) | 49 | 1.01 (0.76-1.33) |
| Digestive system | 12 | 1.60 (0.91-2.82) | 7 | 1.11 (0.53-2.33) |
| Colon and rectum | 6 | 1.22 (0.55-2.72) | 4 | 1.02 (0.38-2.73) |
| Pancreas | 4 | 6.68 (2.49-17.91) | 1 | 1.15 (0.16-8.19) |
| Respiratory system | 2 | 0.72 (0.18-2.88) | 2 | 0.58 (0.15-2.34) |
| Skin | 15 | 1.09 (0.65-1.80) | 2 | 0.64 (0.16-2.55) |
| Breast | 35 | 0.91 (0.65-1.27) | 13 | 0.72 (0.42-1.24) |
| Female genital system | 32 | 1.72 (1.21-2.43) | 8 | 1.10 (0.55-2.20) |
| Cervix | 8 | 0.80 (0.40-1.60) | 0 | 0 |
| Endometrium | 12 | 6.45 (3.65-11.40) | 3 | 0.78 (0.25-2.41) |
| Ovary | 12 | 2.55 (1.45-4.50) | 3 | 1.34 (0.43-4.15) |
| Urinary system | 4 | 2.30 (0.86-6.14) | 2 | 1.25 (0.31-5.02) |
| Kidney | 4 | 4.57 (1.71-12.22) | 1 | 1.33 (0.19-9.45) |
| Endocrine gland | 14 | 1.83 (1.08-3.09) | 4 | 2.36 (0.88-6.29) |
| Thyroid | 4 | 0.94 (0.35-2.52) | 2 | 4.58 (1.14-18.37) |
| Other endocrine glands | 10 | 2.90 (1.56-5.40) | 2 | 1.60 (0.40-6.38) |
| Skeletal and hematopoietic system | 12 | 1.61 (0.91-2.84) | 5 | 1.92 (0.80-4.61) |
| Brain cancer | 3 | 0.42 (0.14-1.30) | 3 | 1.64 (0.53-5.08) |
| Other cancers | 4 | 0.91 (0.34-2.43) | 3 | 1.24 (0.40-3.86) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.
a
Multivariable Cox regression model using attained age as the time scale and adjusted for calendar year, achieved educational level, parity, history of parental cancer, and diabetes (<51 vs ≥51 years; 51 years is median menopause age in Sweden).
b
Melanoma and nonmelanoma were not listed owing to too few cases.