Table 1. Characteristics of Study Sample by Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (CID) Status, National Health and Aging Trends Study 2011-2016.
| Characteristic | No (%)a | P Valuec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Cognitionb | Possible CIDb | Probable CIDb | ||
| Total | 10 271 (88.1) | 1213 (7.1) | 808 (4.7) | |
| Age, y | <.001 | |||
| 65-69 | 2508 (32.8) | 142 (17.8) | 49 (9.3) | |
| 70-74 | 3472 (37.2) | 254 (26.1) | 126 (23.6) | |
| 75-79 | 2227 (18.1) | 274 (23.9) | 146 (20.1) | |
| 80-84 | 1332 (8.1) | 258 (16.3) | 219 (23.2) | |
| 85-89 | 552 (3.0) | 169 (9.9) | 151 (14.9) | |
| ≥90 | 180 (0.7) | 116 (5.9) | 117 (8.9) | |
| Female sex | 5442 (51.8) | 613 (49.4) | 437 (53.2) | .57 |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | |||
| White | 7151 (81.4) | 596 (64.5) | 409 (67.2) | |
| Black | 2273 (8.2) | 477 (18.2) | 253 (12.1) | |
| Hispanic | 510 (5.9) | 86 (10.5) | 93 (13.8) | |
| Other | 337 (4.5) | 54 (6.7) | 53 (6.8) | |
| Education | <.001 | |||
| <High school degree | 1764 (13.8) | 475 (32.5) | 385 (43.9) | |
| High school degree | 2636 (25.1) | 297 (27.9) | 188 (27.4) | |
| >High school degree | 5767 (61.1) | 431 (39.6) | 205 (28.7) | |
| Income, $d | <.001 | |||
| 0-9999 | 875 (6.7) | 233 (15.9) | 173 (18.9) | |
| 10 000-24 999 | 2575 (20.9) | 479 (36.3) | 350 (39.3) | |
| 25 000-49 999 | 2807 (26.6) | 287 (24.4) | 181 (25.3) | |
| 50 000-99 999 | 2621 (29.1) | 149 (15.1) | 82 (12.4) | |
| >100 000 | 1392 (16.7) | 65 (8.3) | 21 (4.1) | |
| Visual impairment | ||||
| Distance | 317 (2.7) | 68 (4.8) | 71 (9.1) | <.001 |
| Near | 211 (1.5) | 80 (5.1) | 74 (8.8) | <.001 |
| Smoking status | .44 | |||
| Never smoker | 4974 (48.3) | 582 (47.4) | 442 (52.6) | |
| Past smoker | 4434 (43.4) | 506 (42.4) | 310 (39.8) | |
| Current smoker | 863 (8.3) | 125 (10.1) | 54 (7.6) | |
| Depressive symptomse | <.001 | |||
| Score of 0-2 | 9280 (91.8) | 998 (84.4) | 614 (76.2) | |
| Score of 3-6 | 943 (8.2) | 188 (15.6) | 176 (23.8) | |
| Social isolationf | <.001 | |||
| Not isolated | 2506 (26.8) | 119 (10.8) | 56 (9.5) | |
| Somewhat isolated | 6002 (57.8) | 664 (56.2) | 418 (51.3) | |
| Socially isolated | 1763 (15.4) | 430 (33.0) | 334 (39.2) | |
| Activity limitationsg | <.001 | |||
| No limitations | 8828 (88.1) | 808 (70.5) | 344 (44.1) | |
| 1-2 Limitations | 927 (7.9) | 187 (13.4) | 180 (23.2) | |
| 3-5 Limitations | 365 (2.8) | 143 (10.3) | 154 (17.7) | |
| 6-11 Limitations | 151 (1.2) | 75 (5.7) | 130 (15.1) | |
| Heart diseaseh | 1710 (15.8) | 219 (17.2) | 163 (21.9) | .06 |
| Hypertensionh | 6812 (37.3) | 829 (36.7) | 535 (34.3) | .59 |
| Diabetesh | 2488 (23.0) | 325 (25.9) | 256 (34.1) | <.001 |
| Lung diseaseh | 1625 (15.7) | 164 (15.1) | 153 (21.1) | .09 |
| Strokeh | 365 (3.1) | 87 (6.4) | 77 (8.5) | <.001 |
| Cancerh | 1294 (12.4) | 145 (12.8) | 86 (10.7) | .49 |
Data are presented as unweighted numbers and weighted percentages of US population of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older, accounting for the study design of the National Health and Aging Trends Study.
Study participants in each round were classified as having no dementia, possible dementia, or probable dementia based on having received a diagnosis of dementia from a physician and scores on cognitive testing according to a previously published classification method.5
P values are unadjusted and calculated using design-adjusted Pearson χ2 test.
Multiple imputation was used for missing income data.
Self-reported depressive symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2.
Social isolation determined using a method that takes into account spouse/partner status, communication with family/friends, and participation in social activities.
Count of self-care and activity limitations.
Self-report of having received 1 of these diagnoses from a physician.