Figure. Probiotics and Human Milk Oligosaccharide Levels.

A, Human milk oligosaccharide levels in mothers who received a mixture of probiotics or placebos. Boxplots show median and quartiles of concentrations of each of the human milk oligosaccharides and the P value of the t test comparing log-transformed concentrations of the 2 groups. Human milk oligosaccharides that were found in a significantly lower concentration in the milk of mothers receiving the probiotic are difucosyllacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I, and 6′-sialyllactose (marked with orange); those found in higher concentrations are 3-fucosyllactose and 3′-sialyllactose (marked with blue). B, Biosynthetic associations of human milk oligosaccharides are shown with probiotic-induced decreases and increases as indicated in part A.