Table. Demographics, Global Cognitive Status, and Imaging Characteristics of the Study Samplea.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy (n = 23) | Control Group (n = 20) | ||
| Demographic and clinical characteristic | |||
| Age at oophorectomy, median (IQR), y | 46 (45-48) | NA | NA |
| Time from oophorectomy to imaging, median (IQR), y | 19 (17-22) | NA | NA |
| Age at imaging, median (IQR), y | 65 (62-68) | 63 (60-66) | .23 |
| Length of Olmsted County residence at the time of MCSA baseline, median (IQR), y | 41 (34-44) | 36 (34-41) | .56 |
| Women who reached menopause | 23 (100) | 19 (95) | .47 |
| Hormone therapy with estrogenb | 22 (96) | 10 (53) | .002 |
| Estrogen therapy, median (IQR), yc | 10 (5-13) | 10 (6-16) | .76 |
| Oral conjugated equine estrogenc | 15 (68) | 9 (90) | .38 |
| Hormone therapy with progestinb | NA | 8 (42) | NA |
| Progestin therapy, median (IQR), yd | NA | 9 (4-13) | NA |
| Oral medroxyprogesterone acetated | NA | 8 (100) | NA |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 30 (27-34) | 29 (25-31) | .22 |
| Smokinge | 5 (36) | 9 (56) | .30 |
| Education, median (IQR), y | 14 (13-16) | 16 (13-18) | .62 |
| APOE ε4 carriers | 2 (9) | 4 (20) | .40 |
| Neuropsychological evaluation scores | |||
| Short test of mental status, median (IQR) | 37 (35-37) | 37 (35-38) | .20 |
| z Scores, median (IQR) | |||
| Global | 1.51 (0.85-1.99) | 1.59 (0.99-1.91) | .78 |
| Memory | 1.57 (0.62-2.09) | 1.53 (1.00-1.89) | .73 |
| Attention | 1.43 (0.96-1.77) | 1.37 (0.88-1.73) | .79 |
| Language | 1.05 (0.17-1.34) | 1.01 (0.73-1.52) | .58 |
| Visuospatial | 0.73 (0.14-1.40) | 1.19 (0.84-1.48) | .28 |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 3 (13) | 1 (5) | .40 |
| Beck Depression Inventory score, median (IQR) | 4 (1-6) | 4 (2-7) | .52 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory score, median (IQR) | 1 (0-4) | 0 (0-3) | .28 |
| Neuroimaging biomarker measurements, median (IQR) | |||
| White matter hyperintensity, cm3 | 5.46 (2.87-8.11) | 4.13 (2.98-9.98) | .52 |
| Hippocampal volume, scoref | −0.32 (−0.80 to 0.29) | −0.05 (−0.29 to 0.30) | .13 |
| Amygdala volume, cm3 | 1.74 (1.59-1.91) | 2.15 (2.05-2.37) | <.001 |
| Parahippocampal-entorhinal cortical thickness, mm | 3.91 (3.64-4.00) | 3.97 (3.89-4.28) | .046 |
| Entorhinal white matter fractional anisotropy | 0.19 (0.18-0.22) | 0.22 (0.20-0.23) | .03 |
| Global cortical Pittsburgh compound B standard uptake value ratio | 1.29 (1.24-1.35) | 1.25 (1.19-1.31) | .17 |
| Infarctions | 1 (4) | 1 (5) | >.99 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IQR, interquartile range; MCSA, Mayo Clinic Study of Aging; NA, not applicable.
Wilcoxon rank sum tests, rank regression tests adjusted for total intracranial volume, and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and control groups.
In 23 women who had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and 19 control participants who reached menopause.
In 22 women who had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and in 10 control participants who used hormone therapy with estrogen; the typical dosage was 0.625 mg/d.
In 8 control participants who used hormone therapy with progestin; the typical dosage was 2.5 mg/d.
In 14 women who had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and in 16 control participants with known smoking status.
Hippocampal volume was calculated as raw right plus left hippocampal volumes, adjusted for total intracranial volume. To derive the total intracranial volume–adjusted hippocampal volume, we fit a linear regression model among 133 participants with normal cognitive function aged 30 to 59 years to predict hippocampal volume from total intracranial volume.13