Table 1. Bronchiolitis Studies Reporting the Prevalence of Concomitant UTI That Do Not Report Urinalysis Data.

Source, Year	Type of Study	Age	Inclusion Criteria	Fever Required	Exclusion Criteria	UTI Definition
Kuppermann et al,27 1997	Prospective cohort	<90 d	Clinical bronchiolitis	Yes: temperature ≥38°C in ED	Infants with vaccination or antibiotics within 48 h or presentation, focal bacterial infection, identifiable viral infection, chronic illness or immunodeficiency, and immunosuppression	>10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen on catheterized specimen
Liebelt et al,28 1999	Retrospective medical record review	<90 d	Clinical bronchiolitis	No: 42% documented febrile ≥38°C	History of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, immunodeficiency, complex congenital heart disease, and other bacterial or viral infections	>10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen on catheterized specimen or >1000 cfu/mL of gram-positive coccus on SPA or any cfu/mL of a gram-negative rod on SPA
Purcell and Fergie,31 2002	Retrospective medical record review	All ages	RSV+ only	No: fever not specified	None stated	Positive urine culture
Titus and Wright,34 2003	Retrospective cohort	<8 wk	RSV+ only	Yes: temperature ≥38°C documented in medical record	Infants with congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, neurologic disorders, metabolic disorders, hematologic abnormalities, and significant medical history	Positive urine culture
Oray-Schrom et al,2 2003	Retrospective medical record review	<90 d	RSV+ only	Yes: temperature ≥38°C	None stated	>10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen on catheterized specimen
Levine et al,37 2004	Prospective cross-sectional study	<60 d	RSV+ only	Yes: rectal temperature ≥38°C in ED or by history	Infants who had received antibiotics within 48 h of presentation	>50 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen or >10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen and a positive urinalysis on catheterized specimen or >1000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen by SPA
Purcell and Fergie,3 2004	Retrospective medical record review	All ages	RSV+ only	No: temperature ≥38°C in 68% of cohort	None stated	Any cfu/mL on a SPA or >10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen on a catheterized specimen
Bilavsky et al,25 2008	Prospective cohort	<90 d	Clinical bronchiolitis	Yes: rectal temperature ≥38°C in hospital	Infants with chronic disease, <32 wk gestation, afebrile, or who had received antibiotics within 48 h of presentation	Positive urine culture of any growth of a known pathogen obtained by SPA, catheterization, or midstream-collection
García et al,36 2010	Retrospective medical record review	<2 y	Clinical bronchiolitis	No: fever not specified	None stated	Positive urine culture
Yarden-Bilavsky et al,35 2011	Prospective observational	<90 d	Clinical bronchiolitis	Yes: rectal temperature ≥38°C	Infants with chronic disease, <32 wk gestation, or who had received antibiotics within 48 h of presentation	Positive urine culture of any growth of a known pathogen obtained by SPA, catheterization, or midstream-collection
Librizzi et al,38 2014	Retrospective medical record review	<24 mo	Clinical bronchiolitis	No: 58% of cohort with fever at or during admission (temperature undefined)	ICU admission	>10 000 cfu/mL of a single pathogen on catheterized specimen

Abbreviations: CFU, colony-forming unit; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SPA, suprapubic aspiration; UTI, urinary tract infection.